Gene: KRAS

Alternate names for this Gene: 'C-K-RAS|C-K-RAS|CFC2|K-RAS2A|K-RAS2B|K-RAS4A|K-RAS4B|K-Ras|K-Ras 2|KI-RAS|KRAS1|KRAS2|NS|NS3|OES|RALD|RASK2|c-Ki-ras|c-Ki-ras2

Gene Summary: This gene, a Kirsten ras oncogene homolog from the mammalian ras gene family, encodes a protein that is a member of the small GTPase superfamily. A single amino acid substitution is responsible for an activating mutation. The transforming protein that results is implicated in various malignancies, including lung adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenoma, ductal carcinoma of the pancreas and colorectal carcinoma. Alternative splicing leads to variants encoding two isoforms that differ in the C-terminal region.

Gene is located in Chromosome: 12

Location in Chromosome : 12p12.1

Description of this Gene: KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase

Type of Gene: protein-coding

rs121913530 in KRAS gene and Adenocarcinoma of lung (disorder) PMID 25157968 2014 Prospective enterprise-level molecular genotyping of a cohort of cancer patients.

PMID 25044103 2014 Phase II study of the GI-4000 KRAS vaccine after curative therapy in patients with stage I-III lung adenocarcinoma harboring a KRAS G12C, G12D, or G12V mutation.

PMID 26619011 2016 Identifying recurrent mutations in cancer reveals widespread lineage diversity and mutational specificity.

rs17851045 in KRAS gene and Adenocarcinoma of pancreas PMID 26619011 2016 Identifying recurrent mutations in cancer reveals widespread lineage diversity and mutational specificity.

rs121913529 in KRAS gene and Arteriovenous Malformations, Cerebral PMID 31891627 2019 Somatic mutations in intracranial arteriovenous malformations.

rs104894359 in KRAS gene and CARDIOFACIOCUTANEOUS SYNDROME 2 PMID 16474405 2006 Germline KRAS mutations cause Noonan syndrome.

PMID 17056636 2007 Expansion of the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum in patients with KRAS germline mutations.

PMID 16474404 2006 Germline KRAS and BRAF mutations in cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome.

PMID 21797849 2012 Two novel germline KRAS mutations: expanding the molecular and clinical phenotype.

PMID 20949621 2011 Germline KRAS mutations cause aberrant biochemical and physical properties leading to developmental disorders.

PMID 24803665 2014 Structure-energy-based predictions and network modelling of RASopathy and cancer missense mutations.

rs121913529 in KRAS gene and Carcinoma of lung PMID 25157968 2014 Prospective enterprise-level molecular genotyping of a cohort of cancer patients.

PMID 25044103 2014 Phase II study of the GI-4000 KRAS vaccine after curative therapy in patients with stage I-III lung adenocarcinoma harboring a KRAS G12C, G12D, or G12V mutation.

PMID 23014527 2012 Molecular epidemiology of EGFR and KRAS mutations in 3,026 lung adenocarcinomas: higher susceptibility of women to smoking-related KRAS-mutant cancers.

rs104894359 in KRAS gene and Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome PMID 17056636 2007 Expansion of the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum in patients with KRAS germline mutations.

PMID 20949621 2011 Germline KRAS mutations cause aberrant biochemical and physical properties leading to developmental disorders.

PMID 16474404 2006 Germline KRAS and BRAF mutations in cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome.

PMID 17551339 2007 Congenital ulcerating hemangioma in a baby with KRAS mutation and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome.

PMID 18456719 2008 Noonan and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndromes: two clinically and genetically overlapping disorders.

PMID 16474405 2006 We discovered de novo germline KRAS mutations that introduce V14I, T58I or D153V amino acid substitutions in five individuals with Noonan syndrome and a P34R alteration in a individual with cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (MIM 115150), which has overlapping features with Noonan syndrome.

PMID 17875937 2007 We performed detailed biochemical and functional studies of three mutant K-Ras proteins (P34R, D153V, and F156L) found in individuals with Noonan syndrome and cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome.

PMID 16773572 2006 Germline missense mutations affecting KRAS Isoform B are associated with a severe Noonan syndrome phenotype.

PMID 17704260 2007 Cardio-facio-cutaneous and Noonan syndromes due to mutations in the RAS/MAPK signalling pathway: genotype-phenotype relationships and overlap with Costello syndrome.

PMID 19020799 2008 PTPN11, SOS1, KRAS, and RAF1 gene analysis, and genotype-phenotype correlation in Korean patients with Noonan syndrome.

PMID 18958496 2009 Noonan syndrome caused by germline KRAS mutation in Taiwan: report of two patients and a review of the literature.

PMID 16474405 2006 We discovered de novo germline KRAS mutations that introduce V14I, T58I or D153V amino acid substitutions in five individuals with Noonan syndrome and a P34R alteration in a individual with cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (MIM 115150), which has overlapping features with Noonan syndrome.

PMID 16474405 2006 We discovered de novo germline KRAS mutations that introduce V14I, T58I or D153V amino acid substitutions in five individuals with Noonan syndrome and a P34R alteration in a individual with cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (MIM 115150), which has overlapping features with Noonan syndrome.

PMID 8246952 1993 Effector domain mutations dissociate p21ras effector function and GTPase-activating protein interaction.

PMID 17875937 2007 We performed detailed biochemical and functional studies of three mutant K-Ras proteins (P34R, D153V, and F156L) found in individuals with Noonan syndrome and cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome.

PMID 23059812 2013 Diverging gain-of-function mechanisms of two novel KRAS mutations associated with Noonan and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndromes.

PMID 21797849 2012 Two novel germline KRAS mutations: expanding the molecular and clinical phenotype.

PMID 23548132 2013 High resolution melting analysis of KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA in KRAS exon 2 wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer.

PMID 19396835 2009 Craniosynostosis in patients with Noonan syndrome caused by germline KRAS mutations.

PMID 20926413 2011 The importance of evaluation of DNA amplificability in KRAS mutation testing with dideoxy sequencing using formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded colorectal cancer tissues.

PMID 8234268 1993 Probing the role of loop 2 in Ras function with unnatural amino acids.

rs17851045 in KRAS gene and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia PMID 26619011 2016 Identifying recurrent mutations in cancer reveals widespread lineage diversity and mutational specificity.

rs1057519725 in KRAS gene and Colorectal Neoplasms PMID 20921462 2010 Randomized phase III study of panitumumab with fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) compared with FOLFIRI alone as second-line treatment in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.

PMID 21228335 2011 Efficacy according to biomarker status of cetuximab plus FOLFOX-4 as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: the OPUS study.

PMID 19114683 2009 Fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin with and without cetuximab in the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.

PMID 19679400 2009 Frequency and type of KRAS mutations in routine diagnostic analysis of metastatic colorectal cancer.

PMID 20921465 2010 Randomized, phase III trial of panitumumab with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX4) versus FOLFOX4 alone as first-line treatment in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer: the PRIME study.

PMID 16361624 2005 Randomized phase II trial of the clinical and biological effects of two dose levels of gefitinib in patients with recurrent colorectal adenocarcinoma.

PMID 18316791 2008 Wild-type KRAS is required for panitumumab efficacy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.

PMID 16618717 2006 KRAS mutation status is predictive of response to cetuximab therapy in colorectal cancer.

PMID 26623049 2015 Cetuximab treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer with KRAS p.G13D mutations improves progression-free survival.

PMID 21398618 2011 Effect of simvastatin on cetuximab resistance in human colorectal cancer with KRAS mutations.

PMID 20978259 2010 Association of KRAS p.G13D mutation with outcome in patients with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer treated with cetuximab.

PMID 23182985 2013 Mutant KRAS codon 12 and 13 alleles in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: assessment as prognostic and predictive biomarkers of response to panitumumab.

PMID 22734028 2012 Association of KRAS G13D tumor mutations with outcome in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with first-line chemotherapy with or without cetuximab.

PMID 24558511 2014 KRAS G13D Mutation and Sensitivity to Cetuximab or Panitumumab in a Colorectal Cancer Cell Line Model.

PMID 22392911 2012 Inhibition of MEK and PI3K/mTOR suppresses tumor growth but does not cause tumor regression in patient-derived xenografts of RAS-mutant colorectal carcinomas.

PMID 25157968 2014 Prospective enterprise-level molecular genotyping of a cohort of cancer patients.

PMID 19881948 2009 BRAF(V600E) efficient transformation and induction of microsatellite instability versus KRAS(G12V) induction of senescence markers in human colon cancer cells.

PMID 22722830 2012 Emergence of KRAS mutations and acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapy in colorectal cancer.

PMID 26619011 2016 Identifying recurrent mutations in cancer reveals widespread lineage diversity and mutational specificity.

PMID 23325582 2013 Massively parallel tumor multigene sequencing to evaluate response to panitumumab in a randomized phase III study of metastatic colorectal cancer.

rs17851045 in KRAS gene and Cutaneous Melanoma PMID 26619011 2016 Identifying recurrent mutations in cancer reveals widespread lineage diversity and mutational specificity.

rs770248150 in KRAS gene and Esophageal carcinoma PMID 26619011 2016 Identifying recurrent mutations in cancer reveals widespread lineage diversity and mutational specificity.

rs17851045 in KRAS gene and Gastric Adenocarcinoma PMID 26619011 2016 Identifying recurrent mutations in cancer reveals widespread lineage diversity and mutational specificity.

rs121913529 in KRAS gene and Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors PMID 22282465 2012 KRAS and BRAF mutations predict primary resistance to imatinib in gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

PMID 25157968 2014 Prospective enterprise-level molecular genotyping of a cohort of cancer patients.

rs104894366 in KRAS gene and Global developmental delay PMID 17875939 2007 Vitamin K induces osteoblast differentiation through pregnane X receptor-mediated transcriptional control of the Msx2 gene.

PMID 20949621 2011 Germline KRAS mutations cause aberrant biochemical and physical properties leading to developmental disorders.

PMID 16474405 2006 Germline KRAS mutations cause Noonan syndrome.

rs121913538 in KRAS gene and Hemangiosarcoma PMID 24740626 2014 Malignant transformation of infantile hemangioma to angiosarcoma: response to chemotherapy with bevacizumab.

PMID 25157968 2014 Prospective enterprise-level molecular genotyping of a cohort of cancer patients.

rs121913529 in KRAS gene and Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia PMID 15842656 2005 Somatic PTPN11 mutations in childhood acute myeloid leukaemia.

PMID 19358724 2009 KRAS mutation analysis in ovarian samples using a high sensitivity biochip assay.

PMID 15696205 2005 KRAS mutations and primary resistance of lung adenocarcinomas to gefitinib or erlotinib.

PMID 17910045 2008 Mutations of FLT3, NRAS, KRAS, and PTPN11 are frequent and possibly mutually exclusive in high hyperdiploid childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

PMID 17332249 2007 Spontaneous improvement of hematologic abnormalities in patients having juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia with specific RAS mutations.

PMID 17704260 2007 Cardio-facio-cutaneous and Noonan syndromes due to mutations in the RAS/MAPK signalling pathway: genotype-phenotype relationships and overlap with Costello syndrome.

PMID 21169357 2011 KRAS(G12V) enhances proliferation and initiates myelomonocytic differentiation in human stem/progenitor cells via intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.

PMID 19047918 2009 Correlation of clinical features with the mutational status of GM-CSF signaling pathway-related genes in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia.

rs104894366 in KRAS gene and Leukemia, Myelocytic, Acute PMID 24803665 2014 Structure-energy-based predictions and network modelling of RASopathy and cancer missense mutations.

PMID 20949621 2011 Germline KRAS mutations cause aberrant biochemical and physical properties leading to developmental disorders.

PMID 16474405 2006 Germline KRAS mutations cause Noonan syndrome.

PMID 2278970 1990 RAS gene mutations in childhood acute myeloid leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology Group study.

PMID 22407852 2012 RAS mutations are frequent in FAB type M4 and M5 of acute myeloid leukemia, and related to late relapse: a study of the Japanese Childhood AML Cooperative Study Group.

PMID 19075190 2009 High-throughput sequencing screen reveals novel, transforming RAS mutations in myeloid leukemia patients.

PMID 16434492 2006 Implications of NRAS mutations in AML: a study of 2502 patients.

PMID 3122217 1987 RAS gene mutations in acute and chronic myelocytic leukemias, chronic myeloproliferative disorders, and myelodysplastic syndromes.

PMID 26619011 2016 Identifying recurrent mutations in cancer reveals widespread lineage diversity and mutational specificity.

rs17851045 in KRAS gene and Liver carcinoma PMID 26619011 2016 Identifying recurrent mutations in cancer reveals widespread lineage diversity and mutational specificity.

rs17851045 in KRAS gene and Malignant Uterine Corpus Neoplasm PMID 26619011 2016 Identifying recurrent mutations in cancer reveals widespread lineage diversity and mutational specificity.

rs17851045 in KRAS gene and Multiple Myeloma PMID 26619011 2016 Identifying recurrent mutations in cancer reveals widespread lineage diversity and mutational specificity.

rs104894359 in KRAS gene and NOONAN SYNDROME 3 PMID 19396835 2009 Craniosynostosis in patients with Noonan syndrome caused by germline KRAS mutations.

PMID 16773572 2006 Germline missense mutations affecting KRAS Isoform B are associated with a severe Noonan syndrome phenotype.

PMID 20876176 2010 Noonan syndrome: clinical features, diagnosis, and management guidelines.

PMID 17056636 2007 Expansion of the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum in patients with KRAS germline mutations.

PMID 20949621 2011 Germline KRAS mutations cause aberrant biochemical and physical properties leading to developmental disorders.

PMID 16474405 2006 Germline KRAS mutations cause Noonan syndrome.

PMID 17468812 2007 Further evidence of genetic heterogeneity in Costello syndrome: involvement of the KRAS gene.

PMID 21686179 2011 KRAS mutation detection in paired frozen and Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) colorectal cancer tissues.

PMID 23885229 2013 Noonan syndrome: comparing mutation-positive with mutation-negative dutch patients.

PMID 16987887 2006 Noonan syndrome and related disorders: dysregulated RAS-mitogen activated protein kinase signal transduction.

PMID 21784453 2011 Spectrum of mutations in Noonan syndrome and their correlation with phenotypes.

PMID 25359213 2014 K-RasV14I recapitulates Noonan syndrome in mice.

PMID 24803665 2014 Structure-energy-based predictions and network modelling of RASopathy and cancer missense mutations.

rs121913529 in KRAS gene and Nevus sebaceous PMID 23096712 2013 Whole-exome sequencing reveals somatic mutations in HRAS and KRAS, which cause nevus sebaceus.

rs112445441 in KRAS gene and Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma PMID 12460918 2002 BRAF and RAS mutations in human lung cancer and melanoma.

PMID 18794081 2008 Frequency and distinctive spectrum of KRAS mutations in never smokers with lung adenocarcinoma.

PMID 15696205 2005 KRAS mutations and primary resistance of lung adenocarcinomas to gefitinib or erlotinib.

PMID 19047918 2009 Correlation of clinical features with the mutational status of GM-CSF signaling pathway-related genes in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia.

PMID 17062680 2006 Erlotinib for frontline treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a phase II study.

PMID 21398618 2011 Effect of simvastatin on cetuximab resistance in human colorectal cancer with KRAS mutations.

PMID 17704260 2007 Cardio-facio-cutaneous and Noonan syndromes due to mutations in the RAS/MAPK signalling pathway: genotype-phenotype relationships and overlap with Costello syndrome.

PMID 22897852 2012 Therapeutic effect of γ-secretase inhibition in KrasG12V-driven non-small cell lung carcinoma by derepression of DUSP1 and inhibition of ERK.

PMID 21169357 2011 KRAS(G12V) enhances proliferation and initiates myelomonocytic differentiation in human stem/progenitor cells via intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.

PMID 17332249 2007 Spontaneous improvement of hematologic abnormalities in patients having juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia with specific RAS mutations.

PMID 20609353 2010 A synthetic lethal interaction between K-Ras oncogenes and Cdk4 unveils a therapeutic strategy for non-small cell lung carcinoma.

PMID 19358724 2009 KRAS mutation analysis in ovarian samples using a high sensitivity biochip assay.

PMID 19029981 2008 Effective use of PI3K and MEK inhibitors to treat mutant Kras G12D and PIK3CA H1047R murine lung cancers.

PMID 15842656 2005 Somatic PTPN11 mutations in childhood acute myeloid leukaemia.

PMID 25157968 2014 Prospective enterprise-level molecular genotyping of a cohort of cancer patients.

PMID 22235099 2012 Mechanisms of resistance to crizotinib in patients with ALK gene rearranged non-small cell lung cancer.

PMID 17910045 2008 Mutations of FLT3, NRAS, KRAS, and PTPN11 are frequent and possibly mutually exclusive in high hyperdiploid childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

PMID 26372703 2015 Prognostic value of the KRAS G12V mutation in 841 surgically resected Caucasian lung adenocarcinoma cases.

PMID 18594010 2008 EML4-ALK fusion gene and efficacy of an ALK kinase inhibitor in lung cancer.

PMID 20926413 2011 The importance of evaluation of DNA amplificability in KRAS mutation testing with dideoxy sequencing using formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded colorectal cancer tissues.

PMID 19396835 2009 Craniosynostosis in patients with Noonan syndrome caused by germline KRAS mutations.

PMID 16474404 2006 Germline KRAS and BRAF mutations in cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome.

PMID 23548132 2013 High resolution melting analysis of KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA in KRAS exon 2 wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer.

rs104894359 in KRAS gene and Noonan Syndrome PMID 17056636 2007 Expansion of the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum in patients with KRAS germline mutations.

PMID 16474404 2006 Germline KRAS and BRAF mutations in cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome.

PMID 20949621 2011 Germline KRAS mutations cause aberrant biochemical and physical properties leading to developmental disorders.

PMID 18456719 2008 Noonan and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndromes: two clinically and genetically overlapping disorders.

PMID 16773572 2006 Germline missense mutations affecting KRAS Isoform B are associated with a severe Noonan syndrome phenotype.

PMID 16474405 2006 We discovered de novo germline KRAS mutations that introduce V14I, T58I or D153V amino acid substitutions in five individuals with Noonan syndrome and a P34R alteration in a individual with cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (MIM 115150), which has overlapping features with Noonan syndrome.

PMID 17875937 2007 We performed detailed biochemical and functional studies of three mutant K-Ras proteins (P34R, D153V, and F156L) found in individuals with Noonan syndrome and cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome.

PMID 17551339 2007 Congenital ulcerating hemangioma in a baby with KRAS mutation and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome.

PMID 16921267 2006 Germline mutations in components of the Ras signaling pathway in Noonan syndrome and related disorders.

PMID 18509354 2008 An activating KRAS mutation in imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia.

PMID 17704260 2007 Cardio-facio-cutaneous and Noonan syndromes due to mutations in the RAS/MAPK signalling pathway: genotype-phenotype relationships and overlap with Costello syndrome.

PMID 19396835 2009 Craniosynostosis in patients with Noonan syndrome caused by germline KRAS mutations.

PMID 20112233 2010 Prenatal detection of Noonan syndrome by mutation analysis of the PTPN11 and the KRAS genes.

PMID 16474405 2006 We discovered de novo germline KRAS mutations that introduce V14I, T58I or D153V amino acid substitutions in five individuals with Noonan syndrome and a P34R alteration in a individual with cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (MIM 115150), which has overlapping features with Noonan syndrome.

PMID 23321623 2013 Prenatal diagnostic testing of the Noonan syndrome genes in fetuses with abnormal ultrasound findings.

PMID 19020799 2008 PTPN11, SOS1, KRAS, and RAF1 gene analysis, and genotype-phenotype correlation in Korean patients with Noonan syndrome.

PMID 18958496 2009 Noonan syndrome caused by germline KRAS mutation in Taiwan: report of two patients and a review of the literature.

PMID 29493581 2018 ClinGen's RASopathy Expert Panel consensus methods for variant interpretation.

PMID 16474405 2006 We discovered de novo germline KRAS mutations that introduce V14I, T58I or D153V amino acid substitutions in five individuals with Noonan syndrome and a P34R alteration in a individual with cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (MIM 115150), which has overlapping features with Noonan syndrome.

PMID 17875937 2007 We performed detailed biochemical and functional studies of three mutant K-Ras proteins (P34R, D153V, and F156L) found in individuals with Noonan syndrome and cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome.

PMID 8246952 1993 Effector domain mutations dissociate p21ras effector function and GTPase-activating protein interaction.

PMID 16474405 2006 We discovered de novo germline KRAS mutations that introduce V14I, T58I or D153V amino acid substitutions in five individuals with Noonan syndrome and a P34R alteration in a individual with cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome (MIM 115150), which has overlapping features with Noonan syndrome.

PMID 20526288 2010 Molecular genotyping of papillary thyroid carcinoma follicular variant according to its histological subtypes (encapsulated vs infiltrative) reveals distinct BRAF and RAS mutation patterns.

PMID 17468812 2007 Further evidence of genetic heterogeneity in Costello syndrome: involvement of the KRAS gene.

PMID 24803665 2014 Structure-energy-based predictions and network modelling of RASopathy and cancer missense mutations.

PMID 24037001 2013 Tegumentary manifestations of Noonan and Noonan-related syndromes.

PMID 22211815 2012 Multiple, diffuse schwannomas in a RASopathy phenotype patient with germline KRAS mutation: a causal relationship?

PMID 21909114 2011 Frequent pathway mutations of splicing machinery in myelodysplasia.

PMID 17601930 2007 De novo HRAS and KRAS mutations in two siblings with short stature and neuro-cardio-facio-cutaneous features.

PMID 23548132 2013 High resolution melting analysis of KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA in KRAS exon 2 wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer.

PMID 20926413 2011 The importance of evaluation of DNA amplificability in KRAS mutation testing with dideoxy sequencing using formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded colorectal cancer tissues.

PMID 8234268 1993 Probing the role of loop 2 in Ras function with unnatural amino acids.

PMID 18628094 2008 High-resolution melting analysis for rapid detection of KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA gene mutations in colorectal cancer.

PMID 14982869 2004 Genetic evidence for lineage-related and differentiation stage-related contribution of somatic PTPN11 mutations to leukemogenesis in childhood acute leukemia.

PMID 12110640 2002 Concurrent mutations of K-ras oncogene at codons 12 and 22 in colon cancer.

PMID 22488932 2012 KRAS gene mutations in Noonan syndrome familial cases cluster in the vicinity of the switch II region of the G-domain: report of another family with metopic craniosynostosis.

rs104894366 in KRAS gene and Pediatric failure to thrive PMID 16474405 2006 Germline KRAS mutations cause Noonan syndrome.

PMID 20949621 2011 Germline KRAS mutations cause aberrant biochemical and physical properties leading to developmental disorders.

PMID 17875939 2007 Vitamin K induces osteoblast differentiation through pregnane X receptor-mediated transcriptional control of the Msx2 gene.

rs104894366 in KRAS gene and RAS-ASSOCIATED AUTOIMMUNE LEUKOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER PMID 24803665 2014 Structure-energy-based predictions and network modelling of RASopathy and cancer missense mutations.

PMID 20949621 2011 Germline KRAS mutations cause aberrant biochemical and physical properties leading to developmental disorders.

PMID 16474405 2006 Germline KRAS mutations cause Noonan syndrome.

rs104894366 in KRAS gene and Short stature PMID 16474405 2006 Germline KRAS mutations cause Noonan syndrome.

PMID 20949621 2011 Germline KRAS mutations cause aberrant biochemical and physical properties leading to developmental disorders.

PMID 17875939 2007 Vitamin K induces osteoblast differentiation through pregnane X receptor-mediated transcriptional control of the Msx2 gene.

rs17851045 in KRAS gene and Squamous cell carcinoma of lung PMID 26619011 2016 Identifying recurrent mutations in cancer reveals widespread lineage diversity and mutational specificity.

rs104894361 in KRAS gene and Stomach Carcinoma PMID 3034404 1987 Activated c-Ha-ras oncogene with a guanine to thymine transversion at the twelfth codon in a human stomach cancer cell line.

PMID 14534542 2003 BRAF and KRAS mutations in stomach cancer.

PMID 7773929 1995 Clinicopathologic significance of the K-ras gene codon 12 point mutation in stomach cancer. An analysis of 140 cases.

rs1057519725 in KRAS gene and Thyroid Neoplasm PMID 19773371 2009 Beneficial effects of sorafenib on tumor progression, but not on radioiodine uptake, in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma.

PMID 19255327 2009 Phase II trial of sorafenib in metastatic thyroid cancer.

PMID 23406027 2013 Selumetinib-enhanced radioiodine uptake in advanced thyroid cancer.

PMID 17384584 2007 Hyperactive Ras in developmental disorders and cancer.

PMID 26619011 2016 Identifying recurrent mutations in cancer reveals widespread lineage diversity and mutational specificity.

rs17851045 in KRAS gene and Transitional cell carcinoma of bladder PMID 26619011 2016 Identifying recurrent mutations in cancer reveals widespread lineage diversity and mutational specificity.

rs112445441 in KRAS gene and ovarian neoplasm PMID 21975775 2011 Epidermal growth factor receptor blockers for the treatment of ovarian cancer.

PMID 19018267 2008 KRAS or BRAF mutation status is a useful predictor of sensitivity to MEK inhibition in ovarian cancer.

PMID 15842656 2005 Somatic PTPN11 mutations in childhood acute myeloid leukaemia.

PMID 15696205 2005 KRAS mutations and primary resistance of lung adenocarcinomas to gefitinib or erlotinib.

PMID 17332249 2007 Spontaneous improvement of hematologic abnormalities in patients having juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia with specific RAS mutations.

PMID 17910045 2008 Mutations of FLT3, NRAS, KRAS, and PTPN11 are frequent and possibly mutually exclusive in high hyperdiploid childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

PMID 19047918 2009 Correlation of clinical features with the mutational status of GM-CSF signaling pathway-related genes in juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia.

PMID 19358724 2009 KRAS mutation analysis in ovarian samples using a high sensitivity biochip assay.