The Interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene is associated with the synthesis of IL-6, which is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates immune responses such as inflammation. Specific alleles of this gene are known to either increase or decrease the levels of IL-6 during and after exercise. People with the G variant of the gene are found to synthesize more IL-6 which affects postoperative stiffness.
Rotator cuff injury is found to occur due to certain sports related activities that require repetitive activity of the rotator cuff. Once there is damage to the rotator cuff, it needs to be surgically corrected as the rotator cuff has limited ability to heal back fully. Postoperative stiffness is a condition that could occur post surgical intervention. In a study on people post surgery for rotator cuff injury, people with the G variant were found to be significantly associated with an increased risk for postoperative stiffness.
IL-6 has been shown to be associated with the risk for cardiovascular diseases. People with the C variant of the gene were found to be protected from cardiovascular disease when compared to people with the G variant in a Mexican population. People with the GC genotype had a 2.19 fold increased risk for acute coronary syndrome when compared to people with the CC genotype.
| CHIP Version | IL-6 SNPs |
| 23andMe (Use your 23andme raw data to know your IL-6 Variant) | |
| v1 23andme | Present |
| v2 23andme | Present |
| v3 23andme | Present |
| v4 23andme | Present |
| V5 23andme (current chip) | Present |
| AncestryDNA (Use your ancestry DNA raw data to know your IL-6 Variant) | |
| v1 ancestry DNA | Present |
| V2 ancestry DNA (current chip) | Present |
| Family Tree DNA (Use your FTDNA raw data to know your IL-6 Variant) | |
| OmniExpress microarray chip | Present |
| Genotype rs1800796 | Phenotype | Recommendations |
| CC | [Advantage] More likely to have lower risk of postoperative stiffness [Advantage] More likely to have a lower risk for acute coronary syndrome | Warm ups and stretching before workouts are important to avoid injury. Recuperative therapies such as massages can help. Increased level of inflammation- Intake of 3g of omega 3 is recommended to lower levels of inflammation |
| GG | Moderate risk for postoperative stiffness | Warm ups and stretching before workouts are important to avoid injury. Recuperative therapies such as massages can help. Increased level of inflammation- Intake of 3g of omega 3 is recommended to lower levels of inflammation |
| GG | [Limitation] More likely to have higher risk of postoperative stiffness [Limitation] More likely to have a higher risk for acute coronary syndrome | Likely better at power sprint performance Lower risk of injury allows you to remain active and train often. Normal level of inflammation- Additional intake of omega 3 may not be required |
“Nutrigenetics, fitness genetics, health genetics are all nascent but rapidly growing areas within human genetics. The information provided herein is based on preliminary scientific studies and it is to be read and understood in that context.”
The Neuroblastoma Breakpoint Member 3 (NBPF3) gene is associated with the synthesis of NBPF3, a hormone found to be associated with the clearance of vitamin B6 from the body.
Vitamin B6 is necessary for the proper functioning of the neurological system, red blood cells and also in sugar metabolism. This water soluble vitamin, called pyridoxine, can lead to anemia, if present in low levels. Other symptoms of low vitamin B6 levels in the body are fatigue, inflammation of the tongue and mouth, cracks at the corner of the mouth and hyper homocysteinemia.
| CHIP Version | NBPF3 SNPs |
| 23andMe (Use your 23andme raw data to know your NBPF3 Variant) | |
| v1 23andme | Present |
| v2 23andme | Present |
| v3 23andme | Present |
| v4 23andme | Present |
| V5 23andme (current chip) | Present |
| AncestryDNA (Use your ancestry DNA raw data to know your NBPF3 Variant) | |
| v1 ancestry DNA | Present |
| V2 ancestry DNA (current chip) | Present |
| Family Tree DNA (Use your FTDNA raw data to know your NBPF3 Variant) | |
| OmniExpress microarray chip | Present |
In a study on nearly 2800 individuals, people with the C variant of the gene were associated with lower levels of vitamin B6. There was a per allele reduction of 1.38ng/mL- 1.45 ng/mL of vitamin B6 levels in the body.
The reduction in the level of vitamin B6 among people with the C variant of the gene was shown to be associated with greater clearance of vitamin B6 from the body.
Vitamin B 6 is absorbed from the jejunum in the body and the normal level of vitamin B 6 is 20nmol/L.
| Genotype Rs4654748 | Phenotype | Recommendation |
| TT | [Advantage] More likely to have normal levels of serum Vitamin B6 | Ensure sufficient intake of vitamin B6 rich foods in the diet. |
| TC | Moderate reduced serum Vitamin B6 levels | You may need more than the recommended daily requirement of 1.3mg of vitamin B6 Include foods rich in vitamin B6 like beef liver, organ meats, fish, potatoes and other starch rich vegetables |
| CC | [Limitation] More likely to lower serum vitamin B6 levels | You may need more than the recommended daily requirement of 1.3mg of vitamin B6 Include foods rich in vitamin B6 like beef liver, organ meats, fish, potatoes and other starch rich vegetables |
“Nutrigenetics, fitness genetics, health genetics are all nascent but rapidly growing areas within human genetics. The information provided herein is based on preliminary scientific studies and it is to be read and understood in that context.”
The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPARG) gene is associated with the synthesis of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor, a nuclear receptor found mainly in the adipose tissue, macrophages and colon. PPARG is shown to be associated with fatty acid storage and glucose metabolism.
In a study conducted on 387 obese individuals and 288 controls, obese males with the G variant were shown to be associated with significantly increased risk of obesity and were found to be associated with higher BMI.
In a study conducted on 3597 individuals, people with the G variant were shown to be associated with greater weight regain.
In another study that analyzed 16 gene polymorphisms associated with weight maintenance, people with the G variant were found to be associated with greater weight regain across treatment arms.
| CHIP Version | PPARG SNPs |
| 23andMe (Use your 23andme raw data to know your PPARG Variant) | |
| v1 23andme | Present |
| v2 23andme | Present |
| v3 23andme | Present |
| v4 23andme | Present |
| V5 23andme (current chip) | Present |
| AncestryDNA (Use your ancestry DNA raw data to know your PPARG Variant) | |
| v1 ancestry DNA | Present |
| V2 ancestry DNA (current chip) | Present |
| Family Tree DNA (Use your FTDNA raw data to know your PPARG Variant) | |
| OmniExpress microarray chip | Present |
In a study conducted on 1465 individuals, people with the G variant were found to have a lower BMI than people with the C variant in a diet rich in MUFA. In the same study, people with the G variant were shown to be associated with lower weight loss than people with the C variant when the total fat intake was high.
| Genotype | Phenotype | Recommendations |
| CC | [Advantage] Likely to have lower risk of obesity [Advantage] Less likely to regain weight after ending a hypocaloric diet [Limitation] More likely to have a higher BMI on high MUFA intake | Consciously stick to an appropriate exercise regime, since the risk of weight regain is higher Alternate between exercise routines like a regular gym workout to a Zumba class, variety could help stay motivated A diet rich in MUFA could help in better weight management, while MUFA rich foods are also heart healthy Some MUFA rich food sources are Olive oil, avocado, olives, almonds and peanuts |
| GG | Moderate risk of weight regain | Consciously stick to an appropriate exercise regime, since the risk of weight regain is higher Alternate between exercise routines like a regular gym workout to a Zumba class, variety could help stay motivated A diet rich in MUFA could help in better weight management, while MUFA rich foods are also heart healthy Some MUFA rich food sources are Olive oil, avocado, olives, almonds and peanuts |
| GG | [Limitation] Likely to have higher risk of obesity [Limitation] More likely to regain weight after ending a hypocaloric diet [Advantage] Less likely to have a higher BMI on high MUFA intake [Advantage] Less likely to have a higher BMI on high MUFA intake | It is important to include sufficient physical activity in your daily routine to maintain an ideal weight and lower the risk for diseases Include MUFA rich food sources in the diet to improve heart health and increase physical activity to lower risk of weight gain Some MUFA rich food sources are Olive oil, avocado, olives, almonds and peanuts |
“Nutrigenetics, fitness genetics, health genetics are all nascent but rapidly growing areas within human genetics. The information provided herein is based on preliminary scientific studies and it is to be read and understood in that context.”
The Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene is associated with the synthesis of Vitamin D receptor, a cell membrane receptor that binds to vitamin D.
Specific alleles of this gene are known to either increase or decrease the sensitivity of the body to the effects of Vitamin D. This receptor is involved in the intestinal transport of calcium, iron and other minerals.
Variants of the gene are shown to be associated with changes in the levels of vitamin D levels and power.
Vitamin D plays an important role in stimulating calcium absorption and also in bone mineralization by promoting osteoblast differentiation.
The taq1 polymorphism (rs731236) of the VDR gene is associated with Vitamin D levels among Indians. People with the T variant of the gene were associated with lower serum vitamin D levels.
Association with Power:
A study conducted on identifying handgrip strength, which is indicative of muscle strength, showed that there was a significant association between taq1 polymorphism and muscle strength.
People with the C variant of the gene are found to be better at power-based activities than endurance.
| Genotype rs731236 | Phenotype | Recommendations |
| CC | [Advantage] More likely to have higher Vitamin D levels [Advantage] Better muscle growth and bone density on strength training | Likely normal levels of vitamin D Include vitamin D rich food in the diet like fish and eggs Include strength and power training in the fitness regimen |
| CT | [Advantage] More likely to have higher Vitamin D levels [Advantage] Better muscle growth and bone density on strength training | Likely normal levels of vitamin D Include vitamin D rich food in the diet like fish and eggs Include strength and power training in the fitness regimen |
| TT | [Limitation] More likely to have lower Vitamin D levels [Limitation] Lower level of muscle growth and bone density on strength training | Likely lower vitamin D levels Spend time outdoors under the sun and include vitamin D rich foods in the diet |
Vitamin D is responsible for bone strength in the human body.
It helps the body utilize the calcium absorbed from the diet effectively.
Some natural sources of vitamin D include sunlight and a variety of foods like fish, egg yolk, fortified dairy and grain products, etc.
Insufficient vitamin D supply causes a serious condition called vitamin D deficiency.
Approximately, 1 billion individuals worldwide, that is, nearly 15% of the world's population have this deficiency.
Most people tend to oversee the signs and fail to realize that they have this deficiency. Here is what can be looked out for:
Certain medical conditions can predispose an individual to be deficient in vitamin D levels. These include:
You may also be interested in: What do genes tell us about vitamin D requirements?
Research suggests that vitamin D deficiency is linked to many serious disorders like:
Very few food items naturally contain vitamin D. Including them in your diet would greatly help alleviate vitamin D deficiency.
Research has identified four genetic variants that are associated with vitamin D deficiency.
These genes are involved in metabolization and transportation of vitamin D in the body.
More such genetic variants inherited, the higher the risk for low vitamin D levels in the body.
| CHIP Version | VDR SNPs |
| 23andMe (Use your 23andme raw data to know your VDR Variant) | |
| v1 23andme | Present |
| v2 23andme | Present |
| v3 23andme | Present |
| v4 23andme | Present |
| V5 23andme (current chip) | Present |
| AncestryDNA (Use your ancestry DNA raw data to know your VDR Variant) | |
| v1 ancestry DNA | Present |
| V2 ancestry DNA (current chip) | Present |
| Family Tree DNA (Use your FTDNA raw data to know your VDR Variant) | |
| OmniExpress microarray chip | Present |
References
“Nutrigenetics, fitness genetics, health genetics are all nascent but rapidly growing areas within human genetics. The information provided herein is based on preliminary scientific studies and it is to be read and understood in that context.”
The Beta Carotene Oxygenase 1 (BCMO1) gene is associated with the synthesis of beta carotene oxygenase 1, an enzyme that converts precursor vitamin A into active retinol. People with certain variants of the gene are associated with nearly 60% reduction in enzyme activity.
The active form of vitamin A is required by the photoreceptors of the eye, stem cells, immune cells, red blood cells and embryonic cells. Vitamin A deficiency is shown to be associated with night blindness, or in severe cases complete blindness and an increase in the severity of infections. It is found to be associated with innate and active immune responses as well as in certain skin conditions like acne.
There are two SNPs associated with vitamin A levels- rs12934922 and rs750133.
| CHIP Version | BCMO1 SNPs |
| 23andMe (Use your 23andme raw data to know your BCMO1 Variant) | |
| v1 23andme | Present |
| v2 23andme | Present |
| v3 23andme | Present |
| v4 23andme | Present |
| V5 23andme (current chip) | Present |
| AncestryDNA (Use your ancestry DNA raw data to know your BCMO1 Variant) | |
| v1 ancestry DNA | Present |
| V2 ancestry DNA (current chip) | Present |
| Family Tree DNA (Use your FTDNA raw data to know your BCMO1 Variant) | |
| OmniExpress microarray chip | Present |
In a study conducted to identify the variability in vitamin A levels, people with the T variant of rs12934922 and rs750133 had a reduced catalytic activity by 57%. These individuals were found to convert beta carotene 69% less efficiently than people without this variant.
| Genotype rs12934922 | Phenotype | Recommendations |
| TT | [Limitation] More likely to have lower plasma retinol levels | Reduced level of plasma retinol levels. A plasma retinol level of lower than 0.70 micromoles/L indicates vitamin A deficiency Consume a diet rich in vitamin A Foods rich in vitamin A include beef liver, spinach, kale, carrots, broccoli and sweet potato. Choosing animal sources of vitamin A would provide the active form of the vitamin. |
| AT | Moderate plasma retinol levels | Reduced level of plasma retinol levels. A plasma retinol level of lower than 0.70 micromoles/L indicates vitamin A deficiency Consume a diet rich in vitamin A Foods rich in vitamin A include beef liver, spinach, kale, carrots, broccoli and sweet potato. Choosing animal sources of vitamin A would provide the active form of the vitamin. |
| AA | [Advantage] More likely to have higher plasma retinol levels | Consume sufficient amount of vitamin A rich foods in the diet The recommended daily intake is 1mcg of retinol or 12 mcg of beta carotene (precursor to the active form from plant sources) |
| Genotype rs750133 | Phenotype | Recommendations |
| TT | [Limitation] More likely to have lower plasma retinol levels | Reduced level of plasma retinol levels. A plasma retinol level of lower than 0.70 micromoles/L indicates vitamin A deficiency Consume a diet rich in vitamin A Foods rich in vitamin A include beef liver, spinach, kale, carrots, broccoli and sweet potato. Choosing animal sources of vitamin A would provide the active form of the vitamin. |
| CT | Moderate plasma retinol levels | Reduced level of plasma retinol levels. A plasma retinol level of lower than 0.70 micromoles/L indicates vitamin A deficiency Consume a diet rich in vitamin A Foods rich in vitamin A include beef liver, spinach, kale, carrots, broccoli and sweet potato. Choosing animal sources of vitamin A would provide the active form of the vitamin. |
| CC | [Advantage] More likely to have higher plasma retinol levels | Consume sufficient amount of vitamin A rich foods in the diet The recommended daily intake is 1mcg of retinol or 12 mcg of beta carotene (precursor to the active form from plant sources) |
“Nutrigenetics, fitness genetics, health genetics are all nascent but rapidly growing areas within human genetics. The information provided herein is based on preliminary scientific studies and it is to be read and understood in that context.”
The Solute Carrier Family 23 Member 1 (SLC23A1) gene is associated with the synthesis of Solute Carrier Family 23 Member 1(SLC23A1) protein, a transporter which is found to be associated with the absorption of vitamin C and distribution to the rest of the body.
Most mammals synthesize ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on their own, however, humans cannot produce this vitamin and depend on dietary sources. One of the well-known historical anecdotes associated with this vitamin requirement is that of the exploration by Ferdinand Magellan. This Spanish explorer was the first to travel around the world with his crew, showing that the world was indeed round and not flat as was commonly believed. Most of his crew are believed to have died during the expedition due to scurvy, a condition caused due to the lack of this nutrient. However, cats that were taken as pets during the expedition survived as they could produce this vitamin. Some people are shown to be associated with an increased requirement for vitamin C, based on the variant of the SLC23A1 gene that they carry.
This vitamin is necessary for the biosynthesis of collagen, catecholamine and carnitine, non-heme iron absorption and in the synthesis of anti-oxidants. Its deficiency can lead to scurvy, leading to fatigue and weakness, reduction in bone and muscle strength and poor immunity.
| CHIP Version | SLC23A1 SNPs |
| 23andMe (Use your 23andme raw data to know your SLC23A1 Variant) | |
| v1 23andme | Present |
| v2 23andme | Present |
| v3 23andme | Present |
| v4 23andme | Present |
| V5 23andme (current chip) | Present |
| AncestryDNA (Use your ancestry DNA raw data to know your SLC23A1 Variant) | |
| v1 ancestry DNA | Present |
| V2 ancestry DNA (current chip) | Present |
| Family Tree DNA (Use your FTDNA raw data to know your SLC23A1 Variant) | |
| OmniExpress microarray chip | Present |
In a study conducted on 15,087 individuals, people with the A variant of the gene were shown to be associated with a reduction in the amount of circulating levels of l-ascorbic acid. In a similar study conducted on 97,203 individuals, people with the G variant of the gene were shown to be associated with 11% higher vitamin C than people with the A variant.
| Genotype rs33972313 | Phenotype | Recommendations |
| GG | [Advantage] More likely to have higher plasma vitamin C levels | Ensure sufficient intake of vitamin C from the diet |
| AG | Moderate plasma vitamin C levels | Include vitamin C rich foods in the diet RDI requirement: 75mg/day for women and 90mg/day for men. Vitamin C rich foods include oranges, broccoli, kale, red peppers, brussels sprouts, grapefruit and strawberries |
| AA | [Limitation] More likely to have lower plasma vitamin C levels | Include vitamin C rich foods in the diet RDI requirement: 75mg/day for women and 90mg/day for men. Vitamin C rich foods include oranges, broccoli, kale, red peppers, brussels sprouts, grapefruit and strawberries |
“Nutrigenetics, fitness genetics, health genetics are all nascent but rapidly growing areas within human genetics. The information provided herein is based on preliminary scientific studies and it is to be read and understood in that context.”
