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Peach Allergy: An Overview

Peaches are stone fruits available in different varieties with white, yellow, or red flesh. 

Packed with antioxidants like vitamins C, peaches are a nutritious fruit to include in your diet unless you are allergic to them.

Peach allergy is common and may develop in people either as a true allergy to the fruit or birch-pollen allergy.

Many people who are allergic to birch pollen may develop allergic symptoms on eating peaches due to the similarity in the protein found in both.

True peach allergy arises from the Pru p 3 protein that cross-reacts with birch tree pollen.

When you develop an allergy to two or more unrelated foods because your immune system identifies them as biologically or structurally similar substances, it is called cross-reactivity.  

If you are prone to an allergic reaction to peaches or other related fruits and vegetables, you may have oral allergy syndrome (OAS) or pollen food allergy symptoms (PFAS).

This condition is common in around 25% of children with allergic rhinitis.

If I Am Allergic To Peach, Can I Be Allergic To Other Stone Fruits?

Stone fruits have a hard seed or pit in the center, surrounded by the juicy or fleshy part of the fruit. These fruits are also called drupes and include:

An allergic reaction to stone foods occurs when your body’s immune system identifies the proteins or other components in the fruits as harmful substances and launches an attack. 

During this immune response, the histamine released is responsible for allergy symptoms.

If you are allergic to peach, the chances are that you may be allergic to all members of the Rosaceae family or the stone fruits.

Is it Safe To Consume Cooked Peach?

Peaches contain different proteins, each of which can trigger allergic reactions of varying degrees of severity.

Some people are allergic to raw peaches but can eat the fruit when cooked at high temperatures as heating breaks down the allergy-causing proteins.

If you are allergic to the proteins present in the peach skin, peeling will allow you to eat the fruit without developing an allergy.

Understanding what part of the peach triggers an allergic reaction can help you prevent an allergic reaction.

Undergoing a specific IgE test can help you know more about your peach allergy.

What Are The Symptoms of Peach Allergy?

Symptoms of peach allergy are similar to allergies to other foods. You may experience:

If you have a severe allergic reaction to peaches, you may develop anaphylaxis, characterized by a rapid drop in blood pressure, constriction of your airways that makes it difficult to breathe, and loss of consciousness. 

Anaphylaxis requires immediate medical attention.

Genetics of Peach Allergy – The HLA Family

Why we develop allergies to some foods is unknown. 

However, genetics is said to play a role in developing a peach allergy.

The Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) system of genes on chromosome 6 gives instructions to produce proteins that regulate the immune system.

There are three classes of HLA genes, namely HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DP.

rs2858880 is a single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP in the HLA-DR/DQ gene region. 

According to a genome-wide association study (GWAS), people having the A allele of this SNP are at a greater risk of developing peach allergy than those with the T allele.

rs1057149 is also an SNP in the HLA-DRB1 gene region.

People with the T allele of this SNP are at a greater risk of peach allergy than those having the G allele.

SNPRisk AlleleImplication
rs2858880AIncreased risk for peach allergy
rs1057149 TIncreased risk for peach allergy

How Do You Manage Peach Allergy?

If you have been diagnosed with a peach allergy, your doctor will devise a plan to help you manage your symptoms better and prevent a flare-up. 

This includes:

If you are allergic to peaches, your doctor may recommend one of the following symptom relief options:

Is There A Treatment for Peach Allergy?

As with most allergies, there is no cure for food allergies. 

The treatment for a peach allergy depends on the presenting signs and symptoms. 

The best way to prevent peach allergy is to avoid consuming peaches in any form or foods that may contain peaches or other stone fruits.

Summary

  1. Allergy to peaches is more common than we think and occurs due to a protein present in the fruit.
  2. People who are allergic to peaches may also be allergic to other stone fruits.
  3. Some people may be allergic to raw peaches but will not develop any symptoms or reactions when the fruit is cooked or peeled.
  4. Symptoms of a peach allergy are similar to any other food allergy, including itchiness, rash, dizziness, nasal congestion, and wheezing, among others.
  5. Genes of the HLA family that play a role in immune response play a role in the development of peach allergy.
  6. Antihistamines, bronchodilators, and epinephrine injectors are commonly used for symptomatic relief in people with peach allergies.
  7. The best way to prevent peach allergy is to avoid consuming the fruit or its cousins.

References

More on Genetics and Allergies

Cat Allergy: An Overview

Cat allergy is a condition that causes allergic symptoms on exposure to cats. 

This is a very common problem affecting people all over the world. 

About 10-20% of the American population could be allergic to cats and dogs. 

Cat allergies seem to be twice more common than dog allergies in the American population. 

What Causes Cat Allergy?

The immune system is designed to fight harmful substances that come in contact with the body. 

In some cases, the immune system may overreact to harmless external substances, triggering allergic reactions.

In the case of cat allergies, it is substances produced in cats' bodies like saliva, dander (skin flakes), and urine that trigger allergies.

These bodily substances contain proteins that the human immune system assumes are dangerous and triggers allergic reactions. 

These proteins are called cat allergens.

According to the World Health Organization, there are eight cat allergens identified

The most important of these allergens is Fel d 1. 

This is a secretoglobin protein found in the skin and saliva of cats. 

According to experts, this protein is airborne and can remain in the atmosphere even after the cat has left the room.

Two other common allergens are Fel d 4 and Fel d 7. 

Both these are lipocalin proteins found in cat saliva.

What Are The Symptoms of Cat Allergy?

Here are some of the common symptoms of cat allergy.

Genetics of Cat Allergy

IL1 Gene and Cat Allergy

The IL1 gene produces a protein called interleukin-1 alpha. 

These proteins are found in the immune system and play a role in inflammation and protection from harmful invaders. 

The Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) rs10189629 is located within the IL18R1–IL1RL2 gene region. 

The A allele of this SNP is considered beneficial/protective against developing cat allergies.

AlleleImplications
ALesser chances of developing cat allergies on exposure to cats
CNormal chances of developing cat allergies on exposure to cats

Risk Factors For Cat Allergy

Gender

According to a 2020 study, the males are at an increased risk of producing immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies in response to normal environmental and airborne allergens compared to the females. 

This means that sensitization risk is higher in men than in women.

Sensitization is the process of becoming hypersensitive to a stimulus. 

In this case, it is the development of allergic symptoms on exposure to cats.

Childhood Exposure

A 2002 study tried to understand the relationship between childhood exposure to cats or dogs and the risk of allergic sensitization. 

According to this study, children exposed to two or more cats or dogs within the first year of their life may have a reduced risk of allergy sensitization to multiple allergens produced by these pets. 

Age Of Becoming A Pet Owner

A 2012 study analyzed the effects of getting a cat for the first time in adults. 

This study analyzed 4468 adults who either didn’t own a cat or had bought home a cat for the first time as adults. 

According to the study, in people who haven’t been exposed to cats much in their childhood, getting a cat home for the first time in adulthood may double the risk of developing cat sensitization. 

Diagnosing Cat Allergy (Prick test, Intradermal test, Bood test - IgE)

There are different ways of diagnosing cat allergies. 

In fact, since about 96% of the patients react to only the major cat allergen - the Fel d 1, diagnosing cat allergies is straightforward when compared to diagnosing dog allergies.

Below are ways to diagnose cat allergies.

Allergy Prick Test

An allergy prick test is done by pricking a small portion of the skin using a needle and placing a small amount of allergen on that area. 

If you are allergic to cats, the area starts showing symptoms like redness, swelling, and itching.

Intradermal Test

The intradermal test is also similar to a prick test. 

However, here, the allergens are deposited under the skin. 

This is slightly more sensitive than a prick test to diagnose cat allergy. 

Bood Test - IgE

The patient’s blood is drawn and sent to the lab for testing. 

People whose bodies react to cat allergens develop immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies, which can be detected in the blood. 

This is safer for those worried about developing extreme skin sensitivities from the first two methods. 

Treating Cat Allergy

However, these should not be used frequently and without consulting your doctor. 

Prescription antihistamines and corticosteroid sprays can both be given in combination to deal with chronic allergy symptoms.

Allergy shots contain very small amounts of the allergens and slowly help desensitize the immune system to prevent allergy triggers.

Managing/Living With Cat Allergy

Avoid Exposure To Cats

The easiest way to prevent an allergic trigger is to avoid exposure. 

If you don’t have cats yet, do not bring them home. 

Avoid visiting homes that have cats. 

If you must, wear protective masks and avoid touching the pets. 

Avoid Using Upholstery 

Upholstery is padded textiles that cover furniture to make them soft and comfortable. 

These trap cat allergens very easily, and when you sit on or use such upholstery in houses with cats, your risk of exposure increases.

Avoid Using Carpets And Rugs

Low-lying carpets and rugs also trap cat allergens and retain them. 

If you own cats, avoid using carpets and rugs. 

If you must, then make sure these are cleaned regularly to bring down exposure.

Restrict Pet Movement

You could try and restrict your cat’s movement to specific rooms. 

This way, you will have safer spaces to be in during an allergic trigger. 

If you are allergic to cats, avoid having them in your bedroom. 

Use HEPA Filters

High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters can remove up to 99.97% of airborne particles in the atmosphere. 

In families with both cats and cat allergic individuals, using these filters may help reduce the frequency of allergic triggers. 

Use Gloves And Masks While Petting Cats

If you love cats but are allergic to them, wear masks and protective gloves while petting them. 

Also, make sure you change your clothes once you are done petting. 

Do avoid bringing the cat close to the face while playing with them. 

Groom Your Cats Regularly

Cats have to be groomed regularly to prevent the risk of allergic exposure. 

Grooming includes:

References

https://www.aafa.org/pet-dog-cat-allergies/

https://www.healthline.com/health/allergies/cats#treatment

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5891966/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5809771/

https://sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213219821011429

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26220530/

More on Genetics and Allergies

What Is Nevirapine?

Nevirapine (Viracept) is a medication used to treat HIV infection.

It is a nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). 

Nevirapine interferes with the virus's ability to create new HIV copies in the body. 

Nevirapine is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat HIV-1 infection in adults.

Nevirapine is available as a tablet, capsule, or intravenous formulation. 

What Is Nevirapine Used For?

Nevirapine is a medication used to treat viral infections, including the common cold and the flu.

Using this drug lowers the risk of HIV complications like cancer. 

Nevirapine is also used to treat other conditions caused by viruses, such as bronchitis and herpes.

How Does Nevirapine Work?

Nevirapine is an antiretroviral medication that inhibits the replication of HIV. 

It works by blocking the enzyme (reverse transcriptase) that HIV uses to copy its genetic material. 

This slows the virus down and may stop it from multiplying. 

Nevirapine is often the first-line treatment for HIV infection.

How Much Nevirapine Can Be Given To An Infant?

Two doses of nevirapine (NVP) at birth are recommended to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission in many developing countries. 

The mother should take one dose at the start of labor and one dose to the infant between 48 and 72 hours after delivery.

Side Effects Of Nevirapine

The most common side effects of nevirapine include 

It has many side effects, some of which are serious. Nevirapine can cause 

Nevirapine: Interactions With Other Drugs

Nevirapine is mostly metabolized in the liver by the CYP3A and CYP2B6 isoenzymes. 

It is an inducer of these isoenzymes. 

Due to this, other drugs metabolized by these enzyme systems may have lower than usual plasma levels when coadministered with nevirapine.

Some drugs that may interact with nevirapine include orlistat (used to aid weight loss), rifabutin (antibiotic), and warfarin (blood thinner).

Other medications may impact the elimination of nevirapine from your body, which may affect how nevirapine works. 

Examples include rifamycins (such as rifampin) and St. John's wort, among others.

This effect is observed the other way around as well.

Nevirapine affects the elimination of other classes of drugs like antiarrhythmics, antiepileptics, and antibiotics.

Can You Be Allergic To Nevirapine?

A small but increasing number of people are allergic to nevirapine, a drug used to treat HIV. 

Around 5% of the general population develop severe allergic reactions to the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) nevirapine.

Approximately 17 to 32% of patients with nevirapine will develop a skin rash, and 13% of these are mild rashes. 

Systemic symptoms may also occur.

Drug Rash with Eosinophilia and Systemic Syndrome (DRESS) is well documented with nevirapine.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (a rare, serious disorder of the skin and mucous membranes) has been recorded in 0.37% of drug users. 

Racial differences were noted; for example, thorn rash was 2.8 times more common in Thai adults than white adults.

Some symptoms of nevirapine allergy are:

Genetics Of Nevirapine Allergy

The genetics of nevirapine allergy is still not fully understood, but it appears that some people are more likely to develop an allergic reaction to the drug than others.

Recent research suggests that individuals with a genetic predisposition can be negatively affected by nevirapine. 

The findings reveal that people who carry particular variations in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system are more likely to experience a hypersensitive reaction.

The HLA-C Gene and Nevirapine Allergy

HLA-C is a gene that plays an important role in the immune system. 

HLA-C is found on the surface of cells in the body and helps identify which cells are supposed to be attacked by the immune system. 

This gene can also help determine how strongly the immune system will react to something. 

While it was once thought that HLA-C only played a minor role in the immune system, recent studies have shown that this gene is quite important.

rs9461684

rs9461684 is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) or a change near the HLA-C gene region. 

Patients with the TT genotype treated for HIV with nevirapine are at a higher risk of developing a rash from the antiretroviral treatment compared to patients with the CC genotype.

AlleleImplication
CDecreased risk for nevirapine-induced skin rash
TIncreased risk for nevirapine-induced skin rash

rs5010528

rs5010528 is an SNP in the HLA-C gene. 

An association between rs5010528 SNP and SJS (Stevens-Johnson Syndrome)/TEN (Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis) susceptibility has been described in sub-Saharan populations.

A multivariate genetic analysis confirmed that the G allele of rs5010528 was assciated with a higher risk for SJS/TEN in a Mozambique HIV population treated with nevirapine.

AlleleImplication
ANormal risk for nevirapine-induced skin rash
GIncreased risk for nevirapine-induced skin rash

Recommendations To Use Nevirapine

The Suitable Dose

Nevirapine is available in the following forms and strengths: 

Take nevirapine only as indicated by your health care provider. 

It is not advisable to take more than one dose of nevirapine and change your dose or stop taking it without consulting your doctor.

Dealing with Skin Rash

The risk of developing a serious skin rash is minimized by taking a single dose of immediate-release nevirapine only once per day during the first 14 days of treatment. 

If you have not had any serious reactions to nevirapine during the first 14 days, follow your health care provider's instructions for taking immediate-release nevirapine tablets twice a day or switching to extended-release nevirapine.

During the 14-day lead-in period of taking the drug, call the doctor's office right away if you develop a skin rash. 

Don't double your medication's dose or switch to taking the medication in extended-release if you have an allergic reaction.

Medication Usage

Nevirapine can be taken with or without food.

The extended-release tablets should not be chewed, cut, or divided. 

Nevirapine oral suspension is a liquid to be shaken before each use. 

Use a dosing syringe or a dosing cup to measure the correct amount.

Medical History

This drug should not be used if you have liver problems (such as hepatitis B or C, cirrhosis), kidney dialysis, or lactose or galactose intolerance.

Genetic Test

An allergy test for nevirapine can help identify your risk of drug induced-skin rash and SJS/TEN.

According to your test results, your doctor may need to modify the dosage or prescribe an alternative drug.

Analyze Your Genetic Response to Nevirapine

Summary

  1. Nevirapine is an antiretrovial drug used to treat HIV infection. It interferes with the virus’s ability to replicate and grow by blocking the reverse transcriptase enzyme.
  2. If a pregnant mother has HIV, an appropriate dosgae can be administered to the newborn within 72 hours of birth.
  3. Some side effects of nevirapine are weight loss, skin rash, liver problems, abdominal pain, and chest pain while coughing.
  4. Nevirapine interacts with other substrates for CYP3A and CYP2D6 and other drugs like orlistat and warfarin. This may cause unwanted side effects or reduce the efficacy of one of the drug involved in the interaction. 
  5. About 5% of the population may be allergic to nevirapine and may exhibit mild to moderate skin rash, pain, tingling, numbness of hands, arms, legs, or feet, and unusual fatigue.
  6. Studies suggest that people with certain changes in the HLA gene family are more likely to experience a hypersensitive reaction to nevirapine.
  7. It is important to disclose your medical and medication history and noteable side effects of the drug to your medical practitioner.
  8. A genetic test can help reveal your risk for hypersensitivity yo nevirapine. This can help your doctor suggest an optimal antiretroviral drug at an optimal dose suited for you.

References

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3093072/

https://www.pharmgkb.org/clinicalAnnotation/981204080

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29762688/

A Sneak Peek Into The Gene Allergy Report

Get Insights On Common Allergies From Your 23andMe, AncestryDNA Raw Data! 

It has long been known that people with more friends are happier than those with fewer friends. 

This observation is based on the theory that having close relationships makes people feel good and that being happy leads to increased productivity and success. 

However, a recent study has shown that this theory may not be entirely correct. 

In fact, it might actually be better to have few close friends than many casual acquaintances.

The Savanna Theory of Happiness

One basic principle of evolutionary biology is that the human brain has developed to function in ancestral environments and not the present one, like all the other organs.

The Savanna principle suggests that human brains may not necessarily be equipped to deal with elements absent in the ancestral environment.

This principle can be better explained with an example.

Research has revealed that rural residents living in industrialized countries tend to be happier than urban residents.

City life seems scarier, more alienating, and depressing for our brains. Town life, however, isn't perceived as threatening or stressful. Why?

It has got to do with the population density.

The brought to light data suggests that ancestors possibly lived in groupings of 150 people. 

So the natural size of the neocortex region of the brain responsible for cognition and interaction is equipped for cohabitating 150 people.

It is possible that as population density rises, the brain feels uncomfortable and uneasy.

This could lead to a hampered sense of well-being. 

For example, statistics say that job satisfaction decreases as organizational size increases.

The savanna theory of happiness may thus propose that the rising group sizes and population density can negatively impact subjective well-being. In addition, this negative effect may interact with general intelligence and have a stronger effect on the less intelligent ones than the more intelligent ones.

The Study

A new research study published in the British Journal of Psychology suggests that the hunter-gatherer lifestyle of our ancestors is the archetypal building block of what makes us happy now. 

The study sampled around 15,000 individuals aged 18 to 28.

The people in densely populated areas were noted to have less satisfaction with the quality of their life. 

The subsequent finding indicates that the greater the likelihood of close friendships with a particular person, the more satisfying an individual's quality of life is.

It's a Whole Other Story with Smart People!

There is a caveat to this finding!

For those who are more intelligent and have higher IQs, the sociodemographic correlations between the numbers of friends and life satisfaction were way less pronounced.

In the low-IQ group, this correlation was twice as large. 

Thus, we can draw that the higher the IQ, the lesser satisfaction you have with life if you have more friends. 

Why is this the case?

Smart People Invest Their Time In Long-term Goals

Intelligent people are more driven and focused on long-term goals. 

They aim farther ahead and are compelled and driven to use their intelligence for something more monumental than themselves.

Take, for instance, someone you went to school with or a friend who started their business. 

While chasing their objectives, they prioritized staying focused enough to get results. 

They eliminated social interactions as they concentrated on reaching higher and larger goals. 

Intelligent people tend to view socializing as a hindrance and obstacle to ultimate success. 

A long-term dreamer will prefer to stay at home and pursue their goals and aspirations than watch a football match or party all night with their friends. 

However, this doesn't mean they don't respect or value their friends. 

But when engaged in intense efforts to rise above, they regard socializing as a diversion and prefer to stay at home and work on their objectives.

Human Brain, Evolution, and Socializing

Based on evolution, the human brain was formed to meet the ancestral needs for survival. 

There were not many people, and the primary mode of continuance was hunting and gathering. 

It was vital to have more contacts with extended family members to pass on information and help one another in these circumstances. 

Socializing was also considered imperative for reproduction to ensure our survival.

The new demands of contemporary life have drastically affected our relationship patterns with one another. 

The intelligent ones are better capable of handling the troubles arising due to new circumstances and complex interrelationships. 

Likewise, they are better able to adapt to evolutionary and advanced changes.

Being smart helps surf through modern circumstances at ease and splice ancestral inclinations with present-day settings. 

The ability to eliminate the primal need to have social interaction when pursuing your ambitions and dreams can help minimize the influence of urban areas on your well-being.

The Smart Choose Their Own Methods For Establishing Relationships

Intelligent people cherish relationships similar to others, but they put more stock in how they spend their time. 

They don't devalue friendships and relationships; they seek pleasure from other pursuits.

The savannah theory of well-being offers a novel defeat to age-old questions about what makes people happy and why.

So, if you have a few close friends and would rather stay at home to Netflix and chill, don't sweat it. You're probably just exceptionally smart!

The Original Study

Country roads, take me home… to my friends: How intelligence, population density, and friendship affect modern happiness

Dog Allergy: An Overview

Dogs are the sweetest pets and man’s most loyal companions. But what if you are allergic to your little furry friend? 

Pet allergies are common worldwide, and most people are allergic to cats and dogs.

Dog allergy may take a while to be diagnosed but is extremely easy to manage and prevent.

What Are The Types of Dog Allergens?

While most people presume dog hair or fur is responsible for triggering an allergic reaction, dog allergens are found in:

One can develop an allergy to dogs of any breed, regardless of the hair or fur on them. 

What Causes Dog Allergy?

Dogs secrete proteins found in their dead skin cells, saliva, or urine. 

When people with sensitive immune systems come in contact with dog dander, their immune system reacts abnormally and triggers an allergic reaction.

You may be allergic to two dogs of the same breed due to the difference in their secretions or droppings. 

The exact cause of dog allergy is unknown, but genetics and the immune system's sensitivity are said to play a role.

What Are The Symptoms of Dog Allergy?

In people with low sensitivity to dog allergens, symptoms may not appear for several days after exposure. 

Symptoms of dog allergy can be mild, moderate, or severe.

Common symptoms include:

Contrary to popular belief, a study published in the Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical immunology states that exposing newborn babies to dogs does not increase their risk of developing an allergy.

Genetics of Dog Allergy

Though still under study, genetics may play an essential role in developing dog allergies.

The Human Leucocyte Antigen or HLA gene system present on chromosome 6 provides instructions to produce proteins that regulate the body’s immune system.

Three classes of HLA gene exist– HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DP.

rs7775228 is a single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP in the HLA-DQ region.

According to a genome-wide association study (GWAS), people with the C allele are more sensitive to dog allergens than those with the T allele.

Can You Be Allergic To Dogs But Not Cats?

Since allergy to pets is due to the proteins in their droppings or secretions, a person who is allergic to dogs may or may not be allergic to cats.

This is because though allergy to cats and dogs is due to their dander, the composition of proteins in them varies.

Testing and Diagnosis of Dog Allergy

If you own a pet and show frequent signs and symptoms of allergy, your doctor will perform a thorough physical examination, take a medical history and recommend a skin-prick test (a type of allergy test).

During this test, your doctor or allergist will put a small sample of dog protein on your skin and allow the proteins to enter your skin.

If you are allergic to your dog, you will show signs or symptoms of the allergy within 15 to 30 minutes.

Though an allergy test is helpful, it is not always conclusive.

Treatment and Management of Dog Allergy

The best way to manage dog allergies is to avoid contact with them by keeping them out of your home or avoiding visiting homes and indoor places with dogs.

If you have to visit a friend or family member with a pet dog, you can speak to your doctor about medications to prevent allergy symptoms.

Some medications that can help you manage your symptoms include:

Some people may find a nasal lavage (nasal saline rinse) effective in clearing allergens in their nasal passages. 

You can also use OTC nasal sprays and lavage kits to help you manage allergy symptoms.

Some lifestyle changes that you can make to reduce dog allergens around your home are:

Can You Build Up Immunity To Dog Allergy?

People who live in households with pets may be allergic to their dogs. 

Most dog allergies are mild, and people can continue coexisting with their dogs under the same roof.

Though there is no conclusive proof, allergy shots can help build immunity to dog allergies. 

These shots are a form of immunotherapy wherein increasing doses of allergy triggers are administered to the individual to build their tolerance level over time.

Some studies also state that infantile exposure to dogs substantially reduces the risk of allergy and asthma in childhood. 

This has been attributed to a more diverse community of microbes at home.

How To Live With Your Dog Even If You Have Dog Allergy?

You can establish dog-free zones in your home, i.e., specific rooms where dogs are not allowed. 

Always wash your hands after playing with your dog and only handle their litter with gloved hands.

Summary

  1.  Pet allergy is widespread and affects 10% to 20% of the population.
  2. Allergy to dogs is usually half as common to cats but more severe.
  3. Dog allergy results from exposure to specific proteins found in their dander and fluids like saliva, blood, and urine.
  4. Dog allergy symptoms are similar to other allergies and include itching, skin rash, coughing, shortness of breath, and eczema.
  5. Genes of the HLA-DQ region of the HLA family play a role in immune response and dog allergy development.
  6. Since the proteins secreted by dogs and cats is different, you can be allergic to dogs but may or may not be allergic to cats.
  7. A skin prick test can confirm if you are allergic to dogs.
  8. Antihistamines, nasal corticosteroids, decongestants, allergy shots, and leukotriene modifiers may be used to manage symptoms of dog allergy.
  9. Lifestyle changes like bathing your dog more often and maintaining dog-free zones at home can help reduce allergies.
  10. Allergy shots may be effective in building immunity to prevent dog allergies.

References

More on Genetics and Allergies

Sweating is an essential bodily function that helps keep us cool and our muscles working. 

However, when sweating becomes excessive, it can cause several problems. 

Excessive sweating can cause dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and overall body odor. 

In some cases, excessive sweating may signify an underlying medical condition.

If you are experiencing excessive sweating, consult your doctor for a diagnosis and treatment plan.

What is Excessive Sweating/Hyperhidrosis?

Excessive sweating is a common problem that affects many people. 

It is caused by an overactive sweat gland, which produces too much sweat. 

Excessive sweating can also be a sign of a health problem and can be uncomfortable and embarrassing. 

There are ways to treat excessive sweating, and it is usually manageable.

Types of Hyperhidrosis

There are three main types of hyperhidrosis: primary, secondary, and generalized

Primary hyperhidrosis is caused by a genetic disorder, while secondary and generalized hyperhidrosis are caused by various factors, including anxiety, stress, nervousness, and medical conditions. 

Treatment typically involves lifestyle changes or medications.

Primary Hyperhidrosis

This type of sweating occurs in specific areas of the body (known as focal areas). 

The most common focal areas include hands, feet, underarms, face, and head.

Secondary Hyperhidrosis

In contrast to primary hyperhidrosis, sweating doesn’t occur in “focal” areas. 

It is a result of a medical condition or a medication.

Some medical conditions that cause excessive sweating are:

Excessive sweating is also seen as a side effect of certain medications.

Some of them include:

What Causes Excessive Sweating?

There are many potential causes of excessive sweating. 

Some of the more common ones include anxiety, overactive thyroid gland, pregnancy, and exercise. 

However, there is no one definitive cause for excessive sweating

Various factors contribute to it, including genetics and hormones.

Genetics and Excessive Sweating

There is no one answer as to why someone might sweat excessively, but genetics may play a role. 

Some people are born with genes that make them more likely to sweat, and others may be more sensitive to the effects of heat on their bodies. 

People who are genetically predisposed to excessive sweating may need to take measures to keep cool.

PPC1B Gene and Excessive Sweating

The PPC1B gene contains instructions for producing an enzyme called serine/threonine-protein phosphatase PP1-beta catalytic subunit.

It is involved in many cellular processes like:

Studies have revealed that the PPC1B gene is involved in a chemical reaction (called phosphorylation) of a water-specific channel, regulating its ability to maintain water flow.

So, the amount of PPC1B enzyme present could modulate sweat production. 

Some people with certain changes in the PPC1B gene have altered enzyme activity and are more likely to sweat excessively.

PLB1 Gene and Excessive Sweating

The PLB1 gene contains instructions for the production of a membrane-associated phospholipase.

This enzyme is involved in the breakdown of lipids.

The PLB1 gene promotes the skin barrier function by the breakdown of lipids into free fatty acids.

It is also known to play a role in semen excretion.

So, researchers postulate that it can also modulate other secretory processes like sweating.

Another missense variant in the ABCC11 gene has been associated with hyperhidrosis for the first time in this study.

Previously, the same variant has been associated with dry versus wet earwax types and axillary osmidrosis - body odor.

Is Your Excessive Sweating Due to a Medical Condition?

If you are sweating more than you usually do, it may indicate an underlying health condition. 

Sweating can also be a sign of anxiety or stress. 

It can result from a physical illness, such as hyperthyroidism or thyroid cancer. 

In some cases, excessive sweating may signify a mental health condition, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

When to See a Doctor?

How’s Hyperhydrosis/Excessive Sweating Diagnosed?

Many people with hyperhidrosis may experience symptoms that overlap with other conditions, such as anxiety, stress, and depression. 

A doctor may need to perform a comprehensive physical exam and ask questions about your lifestyle and symptoms to identify hyperhidrosis. 

Many treatment options are available, including medications, sweat-releasing clothing, and surgery.

Two commonly used tests to diagnose excessive sweating

  1. Starch iodine test: When applied over the body, starch turns brown whenever it interacts with sweat. This could indicate the amount of sweating. 
  2. Vapometer: It is a device used to measure the amount of water that passively evaporates from the skin.

How’s Excessive Sweating Treated?

There are a variety of methods used to treat excessive sweating

The most common treatments are antiperspirants, medications, surgery, and botulinum toxin injections (BOTOX). 

  1. Antiperspirants are the primary treatment for excessive sweating. 

They work by blocking the sweat glands and preventing the release of sweat. 

There are a variety of antiperspirants available, and stronger ones can be purchased over-the-counter or prescribed by a doctor. 

  1. Medications can also help treat excessive sweating. 

Some medications work by curbing sweat production, while others work by cooling the body. 

Medications can be prescribed by a doctor or purchased over-the-counter. 

Please note that it is important to consult your medical practitioner before starting any medications. 

  1. Botox injections are injected in small quantities into multiple areas on the underarm. 

This is an FDA-approved treatment. 

Studies also suggest that it can be used on other body parts too.

  1. Surgery is another option for treating excessive sweating. 

Surgery is usually reserved for people who have not had success with other treatments.

The following surgeries can stop excessive sweating:

Home Remedies for Excessive Sweating

  1. Apple cider vinegar is a natural antiperspirant. 

It helps balance the pH levels in your sweat glands and prevents them from over-producing sweat. 

  1. Salt scrubbing is another great way to reduce sweating. 

The salt helps to draw out toxins and moisture from the skin. 

  1. A healthy diet can also help reduce sweating.

Water-dense fruits and vegetables (grapes, melons, oranges, eggplants, spinach, celery), foods rich in B-vitamins (pork, poultry, bananas, soya beans, peanuts), calcium (milk, kale, fortified soy products and cereals), and fiber (beans, whole grains, avocados, berries, broccoli), and green tea can help manage excessive sweating.

Other remedies include:

Summary

  1. Hyperhidrosis or excessive sweating is a condition caused due to a multitude of factors like stress, anxiety, health issues, and certain medications.
  2. Primary hyperhidrosis occurs in specific focal areas of the body, while secondary hyperhidrosis can occur all over the body and is caused due to certain medical conditions or medications.
  3. Diabetes, hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, and obesity are some health conditions that contribute to excessive sweating.
  4. Certain genes that control water movement inside the body and bodily secretions influence the risk of excessive sweating.
  5. Hyperhidrosis is diagnosed with a physical examination and certain tests like starch iodine and vapometer tests.
  6. Treatment options for excessive sweating include antiperspirants, medications, botox injections, and surgery.
  7. Certain dietary changes, topical application of apple cider vinegar and salt scrub, and wearing loose clothing can help curb sweating.

References

  1. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/excessive-sweating
  2. https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/features/is-your-excessive-sweating-caused-by-a-medical-problem
  3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPP1CB
  4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26218429/
  5. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5997657/
  6. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/151056
  7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12150957/
  8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16444273/
  9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27057547/
  10. https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/hyperhidrosis-treatment
  11. https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/hyperhidrosis-treatment-11

A Sneak-peek Into The Gene Skin Report

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