Proteins are the building blocks of the body. But can they be harmful to us? Well, they surely can! While most proteins are helpful to the body, some can give rise to diseases. One such protein is amyloid.
Amyloid is abnormal fibrous, extracellular, and proteinaceous deposits in organs and tissue. It is insoluble in nature and has no functional role in the body. In fact, deposits of amyloid in organs and tissues result in a range of diseases called amyloidoses.
Did you know: Diseases like type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer’s can develop as a result of amyloid deposits in the body?
Let’s learn more about hereditary amyloidosis, a rare condition caused by abnormal changes or mutations in some genes!
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Hereditary Amyloidosis / Familial Amyloidosis: An Overview
Amyloidosis is a name given to a group of rare and serious systemic diseases that are caused by amyloid deposits.
When amyloid gets deposited in various tissues and organs, it is difficult for them to work properly.
Without timely treatment, it can result in organ failure.
Amyloidosis can be systemic or localized.
Primary or AL (light chain immunoglobulin) amyloidosis is the most common type of systemic amyloidosis, whereas ATTR or hereditary amyloidosis runs in families.
Hereditary amyloidosis is a rare form of disease that is caused by an abnormal genetic change.
While several genes can cause hereditary amyloidosis, the most common one is ATTR which is caused by mutations in the transthyretin or TTR gene.
ATTR amyloidosis runs in families, and people with this condition produce abnormal TTR proteins throughout their lives, which results in amyloid deposits.
Causes Of Hereditary Amyloidosis
Hereditary amyloidosis is passed down from parents to their children.
For this reason, genes are believed to play an essential role in developing this condition.
Symptoms And Characteristics
Hereditary amyloidosis may produce symptoms at any age beginning around 30 years.
The symptoms of this condition depend upon the following:
- The tissues or organs affected
- The severity of organ function impairment, and
- TTR genetic variant.
Here are some common symptoms of this disease:
Cardiomyopathy
When amyloid gets deposited in the heart, it causes stiffening of the heart muscles.Â
You may experience symptoms like:
- Nausea
- Weight loss
- Difficulty in falling asleep
- Fatigue
- Dizziness
- Shortness of breath
- Leg swelling
- Chest pain
- Palpitations
- Abnormal heart rhythm
Neuropathy (nerve damage)
Amyloid deposits can cause peripheral and autonomic neuropathy.
- Peripheral neuropathy
It is caused when the nerves supplying the extremities like arms, hands, legs, and feet are inflamed or damaged.
Symptoms of peripheral neuropathy include:
- Tingling
- Numbness
- Burning pain
- Loss of sensitivity to temperature
- Restless leg syndrome (RLS)
- Autonomic neuropathy
It damages the nerves that supply internal organs like the heart, stomach, and intestines.
Symptoms of autonomic neuropathy include:
- Irregular heartbeat
- Abnormal rise or fall in blood pressure, accompanied by dizziness, fainting, or lightheadedness
- Change in perspiration patterns
- Poor digestion
- Erectile dysfunction
- Changes in bowel motility
Digestive system
Amyloid deposits in the digestive system can affect the nerves that supply the area.
A few symptoms that you may experience include:
- Nausea
- Diarrhea
- Constipation
- Bladder control issues
- Weight loss
- Loss of appetite
- A feeling of fulness in the stomach despite eating small quantities of food
Kidney and renal system
When amyloid gets deposited in the kidneys, it affects how they filter toxins and proteins from the blood.
This may give rise to a nephrotic syndrome characterized by
- Excess protein in the urine
- Swelling or edema in the lower part of the legs
- Swelling of arms, belly, and lungs (in some cases)
If not attended to in time, nephrotic syndrome can progress to cause renal failure.
Types and Classifications
There are two types of Familial transthyretin-associated amyloidosis (ATTR amyloidosis), namely:
- Hereditary ATTR amyloidosis: Caused by a mutated gene inherited from the parents (runs in the family)
- Wild-type ATTR amyloidosis (ATTRwt): Develops with age; not inherited
Hereditary can be of different types, the three most common ones being:
- ATTRV30M variant: Found mainly in Spain, Portugal, Sweden, France, Japan, and people descendants of these regions
- ATTRV122I variant: Seen in 3 to 4% of people of African-American descent
- ATTR T60A variant: Seen in people of Irish descent and the most common variant found in the UK
What Organs Are Affected By Hereditary Amyloidosis?
Hereditary amyloidosis may affect organs, including the heart, liver, kidneys, nervous and digestive systems.
Sometimes, the spleen may be affected too.
What Organ Is Amyloidosis Most Common?
Since TTR protein is primarily made in the liver, amyloidosis most commonly affects it.
TTR protein transports the hormone thyroxine and retinol (Vitamin A) around the body, thereby getting its name transthyretin.
What Genes Cause Hereditary Amyloidosis?
Hereditary ATTR amyloidosis is caused by a mutation in the transthyretin (TTR) gene that is inherited.
This mutation produces an abnormal TTR protein that is unstable and misfolds, forming aggregates of amyloid in different tissues and organs.
Inheritance Of Amyloidosis
Hereditary amyloidosis is inherited as an autosomal dominant pattern.
Autosomal dominant condition is when a person develops the genetic condition with just one copy of the defective gene.
However, not everyone with an affected gene develops the condition despite an autosomal inheritance pattern.
This is due to a genetic principle called incomplete penetrance.
According to this principle:
- Some people who carry the gene will not develop amyloid at all.
- Some people with the gene will develop only a small amount of amyloidosis but no clinical symptoms.
- Some people will never inherit the gene and so cannot pass the condition to their children.
Diagnosis Of Hereditary Amyloidosis
Hereditary amyloidosis is diagnosed by:
- Collecting a sample of the affected tissue (by a process called tissue biopsy)
- Performing heart scans like an echocardiogram, cardiac MRI, or a special scan called DPD
- Genetic testing
Hereditary ATTR amyloidosis is confirmed if the genetic test confirms the presence of the mutated ATTR gene.
What Can Be Mistaken For Amyloidosis?
The challenge of diagnosing amyloidosis based on signs and symptoms is that they are similar to many routine health conditions.
A few of these conditions that can be mistaken for amyloidosis are:
- Common cold
- Allergic rhinitis
- Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
- Chronic fatigue syndrome
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Is There A Blood Test For Hereditary Amyloidosis?
A genetic test, a type of blood test, is the best way to diagnose hereditary amyloidosis.
This may be followed by a few scans to identify the type of amyloidosis and differentiate ATTR from AL amyloidosis in organs like the heart.
Immunohistochemistry and mass spectrometry may also be used to differentiate between ATTR and AL amyloidosis.
23andMe Hereditary Amyloidosis Report
23andMe Health + Ancestry service covers a report on this condition.
Based on your genetic makeup, the results can tell you if you may have an increased risk of developing TTR-related hereditary amyloidosis.
23andMe analyzes 3 variants to adjudge the risk of this condition.
Treatment and Management Of Hereditary Amyloidosis
Until recently, the only treatment for hereditary amyloidosis was a liver transplant.
However, with medical advances, several drugs can help treat hereditary ATTR.
Treatment for hereditary amyloidosis today involves:
Stabilizing the TTR protein
Drugs called TTR stabilizers are used to stop the production of TTR proteins and amyloid deposits.
Stopping the production of the TTR protein
This approach is done through gene silencing.
Gene silencers are drugs that prevent TTR protein production by blocking the TTR gene.
These treatments have been approved for hereditary ATTR peripheral neuropathy.
Removing amyloid deposits
Though this is a suggested method for treating hereditary amyloidosis, no approved drugs exist.
A few drugs are being tested in clinical trials.
Supportive treatments
Sometimes, the underlying cause cannot be addressed.
In these cases, supportive treatments are prescribed to help relieve symptoms and improve the individual’s quality of life.
Factors like age, overall health, and extent of organ damage are considered when recommending supportive treatment.
What Medication Is Used For Hereditary Amyloidosis?
- TTR stabilizers like Diflunisal and Vyndaqel/Vyndamax
- Gene silencers like Patisiran and Inotersen
What Foods Are High In Amyloid?
If you have amyloidosis, your diet can play a role in preventing and worsening of symptoms.
Here are some foods that are high in amyloid-like fiber:
- Hen egg
- Bovine milk
- Soybean
- Mung bean
- Fava bean
- Lupine
- Oat flour
- Potato protein isolate
What Foods Reduce Amyloid?
Here are foods that are safe and recommended for people with amyloidosis:
- Cereals: White and brown rice, quinoa and brown bread
- Fruits: Avocado, apples, apricots, papaya and watermelon
- Vegetables: Gourds (ridge gourd, bottle gourd, bitter gourd), pumpkin, spinach, kale, kale, lettuce, carrot, and cruciferous vegetables
- Pulses: Green gram (mung dal), orange lentils (masoor dal)
- Lean meats: Chicken, cold water fish like mackerel, salmon, and herring (once a week)
- Nuts and Seeds: Flax, seeds, almonds, and walnuts (soaked)
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Summary
- Amyloidosis is a name given to a group of rare and serious systemic diseases that are caused by amyloid deposits.
- Hereditary or ATTR amyloidosis is a type of amyloidosis that occurs due to a mutation in the TTR gene.
- Symptoms of hereditary amyloidosis depend upon the organs or tissue affected.
- Though any organ in the body can be affected by hereditary amyloidosis, organs like the liver, kidney, heart, and nervous and digestive systems are more prone.
- Hereditary amyloidosis is inherited as an autosomal dominant pattern.
- Conditions like a common cold, IBS, GERD, and chronic fatigue syndrome can be mistaken for amyloidosis.
