If you are concerned about your sexual health, โscabiesโ must already be on your radar. When it comes to sexually transmitted diseases, AIDS, Chlamydia, and Syphilis are all some familiar names we come across. However, research suggests that even though scabies is a skin condition, it can be passed through sexual contact, prompting the question, is scabies an STD?
Did You Know? Certain gene changes influence your risk for various skin conditions like dermatitis, acne, psoriasis, etc. Learning about this genetic risk can help customize your skincare and elevate your skin health.
Scabies is a highly contagious skin disease.
It is an intensely itchy skin condition caused by a type of mite.
It spreads through physical contact within families, schools, or nursing homes.
Scabies is caused by a tiny mite called Sarcoptes scabiei.
When this mite reproduces, it lays eggs under the surface of human skin.
When these eggs hatch, the new mites crawl on the skin, making new burrows.
It causes intense itching, which increases at night.
Scabies mites are found in the genital area, on the wrists and elbows, underneath the arm, on the stomach, feet, and ankle.
The most common symptoms of scabies are:
These symptoms show up three to six weeks after initial infection.
However, if you have had scabies previously and got reinfected, you might start showing symptoms immediately.
Yes, scabies is considered an STD as it can spread by sexual contact.ย But scabies can also apply by nonsexual routes.
Furthermore, unlike other STDs, barriers like condoms or dental dams don't guard against scabies.
Scabies can also be transmitted without sexual contact.
People can get scabies by being in close contact with an infected person.
You can also get infected if you share bedding or clothing with an infected person.
Poor personal hygiene can make you more prone to getting a scabies infection.
Crusted or Norwegian scabies is a severe form of scabies infestation.
Typically, a host has no more than 10-15 mites on their body.
But in crusted scabies, people can have hundreds of mites crawling under their skin, causing extreme itching.
The rashes are more prominent and look like crusted patches of skin that crumble when touched.
People with weakened immune systems usually suffer from crusted scabies.
Usually, older people and children, people suffering from an immunosuppressive disorder such as AIDS, suffer from crusted scabies.
However, it can also spread by hugging or being in close contact with an infected host.
Scabies is highly contagious and spread through skin-to-skin contact.
The most common form of scabies transmission is sexual contact.
However, scabies can also spread in nonsexual contact, such as:
You are more likely to get scabies from sustained skin-to-skin contact with a person.
Usually, a simple handshake does not transmit scabies.
Pet animals cannot spread human scabies.
Pets can be infected with another type of scabies mite that usually doesnโt infect humans.
Scabies mites can live on a host for 1-2 months.
They are contagious during this period.
Even after treatment, the itching and discomfort might last longer.
However, scabies cannot live for more than 48 hours off the host.
Mites die above 50 degrees Celsius.
A simple physical exam can diagnose scabies.
Your doctor might also perform ink tests and tissue biopsies to detect scabies.
Scabies can be treated with overnight creams or lotions.
Your doctor will advise you how to use these treatments.
The itch may be persistent, and antihistamines can help.
Scabies can survive on mattresses or other inanimate objects for 2-3 days.
You can kill them with a vacuum or use high-temperature steam.
Scabies is considered an STD as the condition can spread through sexual contact.
It is caused by a mite that lives and burrows under human skin.
Scabies can also spread by casual physical contact, such as shaking hands or living with an infected person.
Practicing good personal hygiene habits and avoiding close contact with infected people are some ways to avoid scabies.
https://www.healthline.com/health/is-scabies-an-std
https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/scabies/index.html
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/scabies
When it comes to a balanced diet, most people only focus on the macronutrients and dismiss the equally important trace minerals. One such micronutrient is selenium. This trace mineral plays a role in various functions of the body and is especially important for women. From aiding in increasing estrogen levels to improving fertility and preventing pregnancy-related complications, maintaining adequate levels of selenium will help women stay healthier physically and mentally. This article will take you through seven science-backed selenium benefits for women and also go on to suggest the best food sources to consume recommended levels of the mineral.
Did You Know? Your genes influence how much your body absorbs and utilizes selenium from food. Certain gene changes can increase your risk for selenium deficiency. Learn more.
Selenium is a rare mineral found in the earthโs crust.
Plant sources that grow in regions where the soil is rich in selenium absorb this mineral.
Animals that graze on these plants end up ingesting selenium.
As a result, many plant and animal-based foods that humans consume have traces of selenium.
Selenium plays a role in many everyday functioning of the body, including the following.
According to the National Institute of Health, the following are the recommended dietary allowance of selenium for women.
| Age | Recommended amount of selenium (mcg) |
| 0-6 months | 15 |
| 7-12 months | 20 |
| 1-3 years | 20 |
| 4-8 years | 30 |
| 9-13 years | 40 |
| 14+ years | 55 |
| Pregnant women | 60 |
| Lactating women | 70 |
While the right amounts of selenium benefit both men and women, this trace mineral may be especially favorable for women because of its ability to boost estrogen.
Estrogen is the primary female hormone responsible for developing female sexual characteristics in women.
Low estrogen levels may increase the risk of certain cancers, heart diseases, osteoporosis, and insomnia.
Low estrogen levels may also cause vaginal dryness, mood swings, hot flashes, and night sweats.
For estrogen to be helpful to the body, it needs to be broken down into various other compounds that the body uses.
Selenium helps the liver break down estrogen into usable forms.
Adequate selenium intake may reduce the risk of heart disease.
A 2006 meta-analysis analyzed the effects of selenium on coronary health in 25 observational and six randomized trials.
The study reported that selenium concentrations were inversely proportional to heart disease risks.
A 2016 meta-analysis of 16 observational and 16 randomized control trials also reported similar results.
Lower selenium levels are associated with decreased survival rates after a breast cancer diagnosis.
A 2021 study analyzed the relationship between selenium levels and ten-year survival rates in women diagnosed with breast cancer.
This study reported that the cumulative 10-year survival rate for women with lower serum selenium levels was 65.1%.
In comparison, the 10-year cumulative survival rate of women with higher serum selenium levels was 86.7%.
Free radicals are found in the atmosphere and are also byproducts of metabolic processes.
Excess free radicals cause oxidative stress and damage the body's cells.
Cell-level oxidative damage causes various diseases, including inflammation, premature aging, Alzheimerโs, heart conditions, and cancers.
Selenium has antioxidant properties and helps protect against oxidative damage.
Selenium is essential for thyroid health.
This trace mineral plays a role in the production of thyroid hormones.
A 2015 cross-sectional observational study analyzed the effects of selenium levels on thyroid function in 6,152 participants in China.
According to the study, low serum selenium levels increased the risk of thyroid diseases.
According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, one in five women experience a mental health condition such as depression, anxiety, or bipolar disorder.
A 2022 article on selenium and mental health states that the anti-inflammatory properties of selenium may help handle signs of depression.
Selenium may help manage various mental health conditions by regulating the thyroid hormones.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a protein that plays a role in brain neuron growth, maintenance, and development.
Low BDNF level is associated with various mental and neurological issues, including cognitive dysfunction, depressive disorders, Alzheimerโs disease, and Parkinsonโs disease.
An older study on rodents reports that low selenium levels may lead to low BDNF levels in the brain and affect mental health.
Studies report that selenium plays a role in bringing down inflammatory responses in the body and improving adaptive immune responses.
Selenium deficiency may lead to slower immune response and abnormal immune cell functions.
While many studies relate adequate selenium levels to improved male fertility, this trace mineral also seems to have similar effects in women.
A 2022 systematic review reports that selenium supplementation may improve reproductive efficiency in women undergoing in-vitro fertilization treatments.
The same report also adds that maintaining the right selenium levels may prevent problems like preeclampsia and preterm birth in pregnant women.
According to the U.S. Department of Health, the tolerable upper intake limit of selenium for adults over 14 is 400 ฮผg/day.
This is the maximum dose people can consume without dangerous side effects.
Consuming extremely high doses of selenium may lead to toxic effects.
According to experts, both acute and chronic ingestion of high quantities of selenium can cause toxicity.
A 2008 PMC article discusses the potential outbreak of selenium toxicity by a manufacturing company in 2008.
The affected people consumed a dietary supplement that contained 200 times more selenium than what was mentioned on the label.
The following were the symptoms recorded in the 201 identified cases of selenium toxicity.
| Symptoms | Percentage of people with selenium toxicity |
| Diarrhea | 78% |
| Fatigue | 75% |
| Hair loss | 72% |
| Joint pain | 70% |
| Brittle nails and nail discoloration | 61% |
| Nausea | 58% |
Seafood and organ meat are some of the richest sources of selenium.
Some grains and other plant-based food also contain adequate amounts of minerals.
| Sources of selenium | Micrograms/serving |
| Brazil nuts | 544 |
| Tuna | 92 |
| Sardines | 45 |
| Ham | 42 |
| Shrimp | 40 |
| Beef | 33 |
| Chicken | 22 |
| Brown rice | 19 |
| Egg | 15 |
| Milk | 8 |
| Spinach | 5 |
| Cashew nuts | 3 |
Table source: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Selenium-HealthProfessional/
Selenium offers various benefits to women of all ages.
Selenium-deficient women should talk to their doctor and consider supplementing the mineral orally.
The following categories of women are at a higher risk of selenium inadequacy.
They may also benefit from oral selenium supplements.
Those with adequate levels of serum selenium can maintain or improve the numbers by carefully choosing a diet rich in selenium.
Including seafood, organ meat, and Brazil nuts regularly will help improve serum selenium levels.
How Genes Influence Selenium Requirements
The Gene Nutrition panel of Xcode Life includes 47 important nutritional aspects. 13 significant markers are analyzed for selenium needs.
If you have done an ancestry genetic test with companies like 23andMe, AncestryDNA, MyHeritage, etc., you can learn your selenium deficiency risk gene status in just 3 steps.
Not yet tested?
If you're new to the world of genetic testing, we've got you covered!
You can now get your ancestry DNA kits at an additional discount!
By following the link provided in this article, you can purchase a DNA kit at 10% OFF (the discount will be reflected when you add the product).
This will ensure that you have everything you need to embark on your genetic journey.
Once you receive your kits, you can follow the instructions given by the respective service providers to collect your sample and ship it.
After you receive your DNA test results from the kit, you can upload your DNA data to our secure platform.
https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/100/11/4037/2836081
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19033020/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25990689/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16093440/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7998294/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2698273/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5986464/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9584835/
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-05078-1
https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/100/11/4037/2836081
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6321086/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6321086/
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Selenium-HealthProfessional/
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/selenium-benefits
https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/supplement-guide-selenium
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/287842#recommended-intake
When it comes to ovarian cancer, identifying the risk factors is crucial for early detection and prevention strategies. In this article, we delve into an intriguing area of research: is diabetes one of ovarian cancer risk factors? We investigate the scientific evidence and examine whether diabetes could influence the development of ovarian cancer.
Genetic ancestry tests are becoming increasingly popular. While your DNA can be used to learn about your roots, did you know that it can also reveal important things about your health risks and wellness aspects? This allows you to take proactive measures for health conditions, even before the symptoms appear, thereby preventing it. You can upload your DNA data to learn 1,500+ things about your health. Learn more.
Diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by high blood sugar levels.
If your blood sugar levels are high but not high enough for diabetes, you may have prediabetes.
People with prediabetes are at a greater risk of developing diabetes.
However, with the right lifestyle modifications, it is possible to reverse prediabetes.
Depending upon the cause, diabetes is of three types:
Glucose is the primary source of energy in the body. We get this glucose from the food we eat.
The pancreas secretes a hormone called insulin to help this glucose enter each cell in the body to generate energy.
In people with diabetes, glucose stays in the blood and is unable to reach the body cells for either of the following reasons:
Diabetes is a known risk factor for various diseases and complications.
This condition may increase your risk for kidney, eye, nerve, or heart damage.
Recent studies have also linked diabetes to some types of cancers.
Cancer is a condition characterized by the excessive growth of abnormal cells in the body.
These cells form a tumor.
Ovaries are a pair of organs that produce eggs (for reproduction) in females.
When cancer affects the ovaries, it is termed ovarian cancer.
Ovarian cancer is the 8th most common cancer occurring in women.
A womanโs lifetime risk of developing ovarian cancer is 1 in 78.
Ovarian cancer occurs when there are abnormal genetic changes (mutations).
Two genes known to be high risk for ovarian cancer are the BRCA1 and the BRCA2.
Mutations in these genes are also associated with other gynecological cancers like breast cancer.
There are different types of ovarian cancer, depending on the tissue affected.
The most common type of ovarian cancer is epithelial cell cancer which begins in the cells that cover the ovary.
Other less common types of ovarian cancer are stromal and germ cell tumors.
While few ovarian cancer are benign, others are malignant.
Hysterectomy And Tubal Ligation May Increase Heart Disease Risk
While any person with ovaries can develop ovarian cancer, some are at a higher risk.
Risk factors for ovarian cancer include:
The relationship between type 2 diabetes and cancer has long been recognized.
Several studies link diabetes to an increased risk of various cancers, such as breast and endometrial tumors.
Furthermore, individuals with diabetes facing these diseases often experience more severe outcomes.
The impact of elevated blood sugar levels goes beyond diabetes management, as it leads to molecular changes that create a more favorable environment for tumor growth.
These changes can result from oxidative stress, inflammation, or even the facilitation of new blood vessel formation, which provides nourishment to rapidly dividing cells.
The metabolic abnormalities in association with obesity and diabetes are said to contribute significantly to the development and progression of cancer.
This could happen due to changes in the various signaling pathways in the body that get disrupted due to high blood sugar levels.
Some alterations from diabetes that promote cancer may be permanent, lasting even after blood sugar is under control, due to a phenomenon known as โmetabolic memory.โ
Recent research has provided strong evidence linking diabetes to an increased risk of ovarian cancer.
The research also suggests that there are common factors between type 2 diabetes and ovarian cancer, giving us clues about how diabetes might contribute to the development of ovarian cancer.
Researchers have discovered that a specific biochemical pathway called STAT3, which is more active in type 2 diabetes, also plays a role in helping ovarian cancer spread.
Another connection lies in the clinical data, which indicates that type 2 diabetes leads to higher levels of ovarian hormones that cause chronic inflammation.
This chronic inflammation can create an environment that encourages the formation and progression of tumors.
Moreover, the biochemical effects of diabetes can activate signaling pathways that promote ovarian cancer growth.
The side effects of diabetes can increase the levels of estrogen - research suggests that this may play a role in ovarian cancer.
Understanding these connections between type 2 diabetes and ovarian cancer can help us learn more about the risk factors and underlying mechanisms of this disease.
According to a 2021 review, diabetes increases the risk of developing various cancers, including ovarian cancer.
Cancer cells and tumors are actively dividing cells that show abnormal growth. So, they have high energy needs.
For this reason, in people with good blood sugar control, cancer cells grow more slowly and are often self-limiting.
However, in people with diabetes, the elevated blood sugar levels can feed the energy-hungry cancer cells, thereby encouraging their growth.
The growth and progress of ovarian cancer may be glucose-driven.
It has been found that diabetes can complicate cancer treatment.
At the same time, some newer treatments, like targeted therapy, can trigger the development of diabetes.
This is apparent in patients at a higher risk of developing the condition.
Diabetes makes cancer treatment challenging because:
Diabetes management requires a multidisciplinary approach in people who have cancer.
Depending upon the anticancer therapy you may be on, you may require managing hyperglycemia, fluids and electrolytes, hypertension, and cardiovascular complications.
Here are some ways to keep your blood sugar levels under control to lower your ovarian cancer risk:
Remember, these recommendations are general guidelines, and it's important to consult with your healthcare provider for personalized advice based on your individual needs and medical history.
Did you know that your genes can hold vital clues about your risk for certain health conditions? One such condition is familial hypercholesterolemia, a genetic disorder affecting cholesterol levels and increasing heart disease risk. In this blog post, we'll explain how familial hypercholesterolemia genetic testing can help you better understand your genetic risk for this condition. Whether you're new to genetic testing or seeking more information about your cholesterol levels, this article will be your guide.
Did You Know? Your 23andMe DNA Data includes 700,000 markers, which can be used to learn everything about your health and disease risk, including information on familial hypercholesterolemia. Learn more.
Familial Hypercholeยญsterolemia (FH) is a geneยญtic disorder.
It causes high cholesterol levels in the blood, speยญcifically low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesteยญrol, commonly known as "bad" cholesterol.
This condition inhibits the body's ability to removeยญ LDL cholesterol from the bloodstreยญam.
Consequently, it raises theยญ risk of developing cardiovascular disorders likeยญ heart attacks and strokes at a young age.
Mutations in certain genes that control cholesterol metabolism in the body are the main cause of FH.
The LDL receptor gene (LDLR) is the most common gene affected by FH, with the apolipoprotein B gene (APOB) and the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 gene (PCSK9) following closely behind.
These mutations disrupt the regular activity of these genes, leading to difficulties in removing LDL cholesterol.
The symptoms of FH are often silent and may go unnoticed until complications arise.
Individuals with FH have high LDL cholesterol levels from birth, leading to the development of fatty deposits called plaques in the arteries.
Common signs and symptoms of FH include:
FH is characterizeยญd by non-sex chromosomal or autosomal dominant nature.
If one parent has the condition, the child has a 50% chance of getting it.
This condition is commonly referreยญd to as Heterozygous Familial Hypercholeยญsterolemia (HeFH).
On the other hand, in Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia (HoFH), both pareยญnts carry the FH gene, leยญading to a higher chance of their child eยญxperiencing this disorder.
Paul N. Hopkins, MD, a professor at the University of Utah School of Meยญdicine, highlights that males with untreateยญd HeFH face a 50% chanceยญ of experiencing a heยญart attack.
This risk is specifically associated with reaching theยญ age of 45.
Females may encounter this occurrenceยญ between theยญ ages of 55 and 60.
Genetic testing for FH is crucial in diagnosing the condition, identifying affected individuals, and providing appropriate management strategies.
The test analyzes specific genes associated with FH and detects genetic mutations that cause the disorder.
The criteria for FH genetic testing vary depending on the clinical guidelines. However, some common criteria include:
Simon Broom Diagnostic Criteria for FH
The Simon Broome criteria consider a variety of parameters, including cholesterol levels, clinical symptoms, molecular diagnosis, and family history. Focusing on determining the risk of severe CHD in individuals with Familial Hypercholesterolemia, these criteria are summarised in the table below.
| Diagnosis of definite FH cases |
| Total cholesterol levels above 290 mg/dL (7.5 mmol/L) or LDL-cholesterol levels above 190 mg/dL (4.9 mmol/L) in adultsTotal cholesterol levels above 260 mg/dL (6.7 mmol/L) or LDL-cholesterol levels above 155 mg/dL (4.0 mmol/L) in children under 16 years of age |
| โ |
| Tendon xanthomas in a patient or a 1st-degree relative (parent, sibling, child) or in a 2nd-degree relative (grandparent, uncle, aunt)Evidence of specific gene mutations related to LDLR, PCSK9, or APOB |
| Diagnosis of probable FH cases |
| Total cholesterol levels above 290 mg/dL (7.5 mmol/L) or LDL-cholesterol levels above 190 mg/dL (4.9 mmol/L) in adultsTotal cholesterol levels above 260 mg/dL (6.7 mmol/L) or LDL-cholesterol levels above 155 mg/dL (4.0 mmol/L) in children under 16 years of age |
| โ |
| Family history of early myocardial infarction (MI) before the age of 50 in a close relative (2nd degree) or before the age of 60 in a direct relative (1st degree)Family history of elevated total cholesterol levels > 290 mg/dL (7.5 mmol/L) in adult relatives or > 260 mg/dL (6.7 mmol/L) in children or siblings under 16) |
The Dutch Diagnostic Criteria for FH
The Dutch Diagnostic Criteria provide a modified approach to the Simon-Broome criteria by adding a scoring system and considering the underlying molecular defect of Familial Hypercholesterolemia. The table below summarizes the criteria, including family history, clinical history, physical examination, LDL cholesterol levels, and DNA analysis, enabling a more comprehensive diagnosis of FH.
| Criteria | Score |
| Family History | |
| First-degree relative with premature coronary and vascular disease (men โค55 years, women โค60 years) | 1 |
| First-degree relative with known LDL-cholesterol โฅ95th percentile for age and gender | 2 |
| First-degree relative with tendon xanthomata and corneal arcus | |
| Children aged โค18 years with known LDL-cholesterol โฅ95th percentile for age and gender | |
| Clinical History | |
| Patient with premature coronary artery disease | 2 |
| Patient with premature cerebral or peripheral vascular disease | 1 |
| Physical Examination | |
| Tendon Xanthomas | 6 |
| Corneal arcus at age โค45 years | 4 |
| LDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) (mg/dL) | |
| LDL-C โฅ 330 mg/dL (8.5 mmol/L) | 8 |
| LDL-C 250 - 329 mg/dL (6.5 - 8.4 mmol/L) | 5 |
| LDL-C 190 - 249 mg/dL (5.0 - 6.4 mmol/L) | 3 |
| LDL-C 155 - 189 mg/dL (4.0 - 4.9 mmol/L) | 1 |
| DNA Analysis | |
| Functioning mutations in the genes LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9 | 8 |
| Stratification | Total Score |
| Definite Familial Hypercholesterolemia | >8 |
| Probable Familial Hypercholesterolemia | 6-8 |
| Possible Familial Hypercholesterolemia | 3-5 |
| Unlikely Familial Hypercholesterolemia | <3 |
The MEDPED Diagnostic Criteria for FH
The MEDPED Diagnostic Criteria for Familial Hypercholesterolemia use age- and relative-specific total cholesterol values. It highlights the lower diagnostic cut-off levels for total cholesterol in persons with first-degree, second-degree, or third-degree relatives when compared to the general population cut-off levels. These factors help identify people at risk for FH based on their total cholesterol levels.
| Age (years) | First-degree relative with FH | Second-degree relative with FH | Third-degree relative with FH | General population |
| <20 | 220 mg/dL(5.7 mmol/L) | 230 mg/dL(5.9 mmol/L) | 240 mg/dL(6.2 mmol/L) | 270 mg/dL(7.0 mmol/L) |
| 20-29 | 240 mg/dL(6.2 mmol/L) | 250 mg/dL(6.5 mmol/L) | 260 mg/dL(6.7 mmol/L) | 290 mg/dL(7.5 mmol/L) |
| 30-39 | 270 mg/dL(7.0 mmol/L) | 280 mg/dL(7.2 mmol/L) | 290 mg/dL(7.5 mmol/L) | 340 mg/dL(8.8 mmol/L) |
| โฅ40 | 290 mg/dL(7.5 mmol/L) | 300 mg/dL(7.8 mmol/L) | 310 mg/dL(8.0 mmol/L) | 360 mg/dL(9.3 mmol/L) |
Genetic testing for FH is essential for several reasons:
The Top 3 Genetic Liver Diseases Of 2023
Genetic testing for FH is typically conducted using a targeted approach focused on the known genes associated with the condition.
Three genes (LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9) are known to cause FH.
The process begins by identifying people with FH through clinical diagnosis, which includes a lipid test, physical examination, and evaluation of family history.
Once FH is confirmed in an individual, genetic testing can be extended to other family members through cascade screening.
This approach identifies the specific genetic variant responsible for FH within the family.
Genetic testing is usually done under the supervision of a trained genetic counselor or a healthcare practitioner with skills in genetic testing.
According to NCBI, the cost of genetic testing for FH varies depending on the perspective and specific circumstances.
From the healthcare provider's standpoint, the simulation considered the direct costs of medical care.
Recently, many laboratories have introduced next-generation sequencing targeted panels for FH cases.
These panels offer genetic testing at a cost of less than $500.
Subsequent testing for relatives who may carry a known pathogenic variant is typically more affordable.
Their mentioned model of genetic testing for FH costs $250.
However, it may offer free testing for relatives within 90 days as part of the cascade testing process, particularly if they are identified as close relatives of an FH proband.
**Please note that the costs mentioned may change and vary depending on individual situations, insurance coverage, and regional differences.**
Individuals who undergo FH genetic testing receive precise results that provide essential data about their genetic makeup and risk of developing cardiovascular problems.
The possible genetic testing results for FH include the following:
Access to genetic testing results enables individuals to take charge of their health and proactively make informed decisions. With FH genetic testing results, individuals can take some of the following steps:
The 23andMe genetic testing service provides a specialized report called the Familial Hypercholesterolemia Genetic Health Risk Report.
This report focuses on detecting specific genetic variants associated with FH, characterized by high LDL cholesterol levels and a higher chance of heart disease.
To access this report, individuals can undergo genetic testing by purchasing and using the 23andMe Health + Ancestry Set.
The health panel of Xcode Life includes 45+ conditions. 52 significant markers are analyzed for Familial Cholesterolemia.
If you have done an ancestry genetic test with companies like 23andMe, AncestryDNA, MyHeritage, etc., you can learn your FH risk gene status in just 3 steps.
Not yet tested?
If you're new to the world of genetic testing, we've got you covered!
You can now get your ancestry DNA kits at an additional discount!
By following the link provided in this article, you can purchase a DNA kit at 10% OFF (the discount will be reflected when you add the product).
This will ensure that you have everything you need to embark on your genetic journey.
Once you receive your kits, you can follow the instructions given by the respective service providers to collect your sample and ship it.
After you receive your DNA test results from the kit, you can upload your DNA data to our secure platform.
I recently used xcode life to get one of their gene health reports. My experience was very good. I received the report the same morning within the time frame they stated. It was well detailed giving clear and easy to understand information and came in PDF form so it was easy to print. My personal experience has been brilliant and I would use them again.
- Ben Duncombe
FH can be classified into three possible genotypes, such as:
HoFH: The most severe form of FH occurs when an individual inherits two copies of the defective gene from both parents, resulting in a specific genotype.
HeFH: The heterozygous genotype is a common and less severe form of FH. It happens when an individual acquires one copy of the faulty gene from one parent.
CeFH (Compound heterozygous FH): This genotype occurs when an individual inherits two mutated genes responsible for FH, one from each parent. It is a rare form of FH and is typically more severe than HeFH.
FH treatment involves a blend of lifestyle adjustments and medication to decrease LDL cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of complications.
Here is an overview of the different treatment options for people with FH:
Lifestyle changes: Making lifestyle changes is crucial for people with FH. Lowering LDL cholesterol levels and decreasing the risk of heart disease can be achieved through these changes.
Medications: PCSK9 inhibitors and ezetimibe are alternative medications that can help people with FH who cannot reach target levels through lifestyle changes alone. Statins, the most frequently used FH medication, can also effectively lower LDL cholesterol levels.
LDL apheresis: LDL apheresis is a procedure that uses a machine to remove LDL cholesterol from the blood. It is an option for people with FH who have excessively high LDL cholesterol levels that cannot be regulated by lifestyle changes or medication.
Familial Hypercholeยญsterolemia is a geneยญtic disorder that results in high levels of LDL choleยญsterol in the bloodstream, developing the chances of cardiovascular diseยญases. This condition occurs from mutations within geneยญs responsible for regulating choleยญsterol metabolism, namely LDLR, APOB, and PCSK9.
Diagnosing FH involves genetic testing, which analyzes specific genes associated with the condition to detect genetic mutations. There are various criteria for FH genetic testing, including cholesterol levels, family history, and specific symptoms like xanthomas and corneal arcus.
Genetic testing is crucial for early detection, family screening, and developing personalized treatment plans for individuals with FH. It is typically performed under the guidance of a genetic counselor or healthcare practitioner.
The cost of genetic testing for FH varies, but recent advancements with some labs offering testing for less than $500. Insurance coverage and regional differences can affect the cost.
Genetic testing can provide accurate information about a person's genetic makeup and risk of developing heart disease. Positiveยญ results confirm the preseยญnce of FH-associated mutations, while neยญgative results signify the abseยญnce of known mutations. VUS results require further testing or genetic counseling.
With genetic testing results, individuals can consult with healthcare professionals to develop personalized treatment plans, adopt a heart-healthy lifestyle, raise awareness among family members, and follow prescribed medications.
https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/disease/fh/FH.htm
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873730/
https://www.genome.gov/Genetic-Disorders/Familial-Hypercholesterolemia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8403726/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3104361/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4217354/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3976735/
https://www.cdc.gov/genomics/disease/fh/no_known_FH.htm
Just when youโre about to enjoy a beautiful sunny day outdoors, your nose starts to itch uncontrollably, your eyes become watery, and you enter a sneeze spiral. Allergies are more common than you think, with 26% of U.S. adults diagnosed with seasonal allergies in 2021. Besides this, many adults also have food allergies, pet allergies, drug allergies, etc. While there may not be a single thread connecting all these allergies, one common base for them would be genetics! Certain genes involved in immune responses underlie most allergic reactions. At-home DNA allergy tests harness the power of your genetic information to provide personalized insights into your allergic predispositions. This can pave the way for a clearer understanding of what triggers your immune system and allow you to take proactive steps toward managing your allergies more effectively.
In this article, we'll guide you through the process of getting started with an at-home DNA allergy test, offering you a simple and accessible way to unlock the secrets hidden within your genes and reclaim control over your well-being.
Genetic ancestry tests are becoming increasingly popular. While your DNA can be used to learn about your roots, did you know that it can also reveal important things about your health risks and wellness aspects? This allows you to take proactive measures for health conditions, even before the symptoms appear, thereby preventing it. You can upload your DNA data to learn 1,500+ things about your health. Learn more.
New report update: The allergy report now includes a "Drug Sensitivities" section that provides insights into your risk for allergic responses to over 20 drugs.
We can group several allergic conditions when discussing allergies and genetics.
For example, asthma, atopic eczema, food allergies, and hay fever usually follow a similar pattern of genetic susceptibility (the likelihood of developing a condition).
It has also been observed that some families are more likely to be affected by allergic conditions than others.
So, children born into these families are usually more likely to develop an allergic condition.
This familial tendency to develop allergic conditions shows that these conditions have a strong genetic link (atopy).
It is essential to understand that children in atopic families will not always develop the same allergic condition as their parents.
A food allergy is a reaction to food that is mediated by immunoglobulin E.
This condition affects 5% to 8% of children and 1% to 5% of adults.
There is ample research and compelling evidence that food allergies can develop due to strong family history.
In fact, a child has a 7-fold increase in the risk of developing peanut allergy if they have a parent or sibling with the condition.
A few genes that have been proven to cause food allergies include:
Conditions like allergic rhinitis affect 10 to 25% of the global population.
Studies show that this condition develops due to an interaction between genetic and environmental factors.
Allergic rhinitis occurs on exposure to seasonal or perennial (year-long) allergens that are commonly present in our homes and outdoors.
Common environmental and seasonal allergies include pollen, grass, weeds, etc.
In general, at-home allergy tests are done using a blood sample to detect the presence of certain antibodies associated with allergies.
At-home DNA allergy tests are a little different - they may not be able to diagnose an allergy but can help you understand whether your genes predispose you to any.
For example, the HLA gene family plays a major role in immune regulation and has been significantly associated with multiple allergic reactions.
Interleukins are another class of proteins that regulate immune responses. The IL10 gene family has been associated with food allergies.
Another important one implicated in food allergies is the filaggrin (FLG) gene.
Filaggrin is crucial for the skin barrier, and changes in the FLG gene have an association with severe eczema and peanut allergy.
A snippet from Xcode Lifeโs DNA Allergy Test Report
However, there are a few concerns regarding At-home DNA allergy tests, including:
A DNA allergy test can determine if you have a genetic predisposition to developing allergies.
The test is helpful as it determines your likelihood of developing an allergic condition before any signs and symptoms develop.
Besides providing information about your tendency to develop allergies, a DNA allergy test also tells you about the likelihood of developing asthma, atopic dermatitis, and autoimmune diseases.
However, at-home DNA tests cannot confirm or diagnose an allergy.
In clinical settings, only procedures like a blood test or a skin prick test can help diagnose an allergy.
Since DNA allergy tests help reveal heightened risks for certain allergic reactions, knowing this information beforehand can help avoid those particular allergens.
Even though these tests donโt diagnose allergies, it helps you understand allergens you are sensitive to so you can avoid them.
However, it is also important to note that a โhigh-riskโ result does mean you will develop an allergy.
When discussing the limitations of at-home DNA allergy tests, it's important to consider the current understanding based on scientific evidence.
While these tests can provide valuable insights into an individual's genetic predispositions to allergies, there are certain limitations to keep in mind.
DNA testing for food sensitivities tells you whether you carry any gene changes that may either result in abnormal immune responses to food or insufficient enzymes to digest the food.
This information can then be presented to your doctor, who can correlate the results with your symptoms and other relevant information.
They can then advise a suitable test to confirm food sensitivity.
While a DNA test by itself cannot predict food sensitivity accurately, it can be used in junction with other tests to identify sensitivities and allergies.
Everything You Need To Know About Xcode Life's Allergy and Drug Sensitivity Report
If you're new to the world of genetic testing, we've got you covered!
You can now get your ancestry DNA kits at an additional discount!
By following the links below, you can purchase a DNA kit at 10% OFF (the discount will be reflected when you add the product).
This will ensure that you have everything you need to embark on your genetic journey.
Once you receive your kits, you can follow the instructions given by the respective service providers to collect your sample and ship it.
After receiving your DNA test results from the kit, follow the instructions to upload your DNA data to our secure platform.
Have you ever wondered what makes each of us unique? The answer lies deep within our DNA, the blueprint of life. Genetic variation is the driving force behind our individuality, shaping everything from our appearance to our health. Today, we delve into the fascinating world of genetics to uncover the ultimate source of genetic variations.
Xcode Life analyzes your DNA, focusing specifically on the genetic variations that make you the unique self you are. Watch this video to understand what you can get from Xcode Life's reports.
Genetic variations are permanent changes in the DNA sequence that make up a gene.ย
These variations are the differences in DNA sequences among different people in the population.
They can occur in the germ cells, the egg and sperm, or the somatic cells (all other cells).
Genetic variations can be passed on from generation to generation only if they occur in the germ cells.
While it was initially believed that all genetic variations cause a disease, it is not so.
They can:
Mutations (abnormal changes) and recombination are two major sources of genetic variations.
Mutations
Mutations are said to be the original source of genetic variation.
These are permanent alterations of a DNA sequence.
When there is an error during the DNA replication process that is not corrected by the DNA repair enzymes, they are termed a De novo or a new mutation.
Mutations can be beneficial to the organism or individual, harmful, or even neutral (when they do not affect the health or fitness of the individual).
When mutations occur in the somatic cells, they are called somatic mutations.
These mutations are mostly harmless and bring about local tissue changes like mole development.
Recombination
Besides mutations, the next major source of genetic variation is recombination.
Every individual contains genetic material from both parents. Mixing of genetic material occurs during the recombination process, which shuffles the maternal and paternal DNAs.
This results in the recombination or creation of a new combination of variations in the cells of the individual. A genetic variation arises from this recombination.
Other causes of genetic variation are:
Mosaicism is a type of genetic variation that occurs when an organism is developing but is not present in the parental cells.
As the organism grows from the embryonic stage to adulthood, some cells that arise in the process may have an altered gene while others donโt.
When a proportion of somatic cells have a genetic variant, it gives rise to somatic mosaicism. When this happens with the germ cells, it is called germline mosaicism.
For an individual to function normally and healthily, every cell in their body must perform its functions properly. The thousands of proteins in the body must be in the right place doing their jobs.
A genetic variation, such as a mutation, may prevent the proteins from doing their job properly.ย
Genetic variations lead to altered instructions, which may lead to a defective protein or no protein production. If this protein is essential to the body, it may disrupt normal functioning, causing a health condition.
When genetic variations cause a health condition, they are called genetic disorders.
It is essential to understand that genetic variations do not directly cause disease. Instead, the variations alter the geneโs function, which causes a disease.
Letโs take, for example, cystic fibrosis- a well-studied genetic condition.
Every individual has a version of the CFTR gene.ย
When an individual develops cystic fibrosis, they have a genetic variation in their CFTR gene that causes the disease.
Is Gene Therapy A Potential Cure for Cystic Fibrosis?
Not all genetic variations are harmful or cause genetic disorders.
In fact, a tiny percentage of genetic variations give rise to genetic disorders.
Genetic variations that can cause disorders are often repaired by enzymes even before the gene is expressed, and the altered protein is produced.
Some genetic variations are actually positive in nature.
These favorable genetic variations lead to the formation of proteins that help an individual adapt to their surroundings better.
Even though not all variations are directly disease-causing, many of them alter the risk of developing health conditions like heart disease, hypertension, stroke, type 2 diabetes, etc.
When subjected to triggers like a bad diet or a sedentary lifestyle, those with the "high-risk variant" will be more likely to develop the disease than those with the "normal variant."
Therefore, understanding your genetic makeup can be crucial in preventing, managing, and even treating chronic health conditions.
